Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Code de la propriété intellectuelle (partie législative), créé par Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992.
60%
Current rationale
The Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992 codified French intellectual property law into the Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI). The substantive exceptions relevant to research were carried over from the 1957 Law without material change. Art. L122-5, 2° (private copy) remains the most permissive exception for research: it permits reproduction of full works of any type but is restricted to private use of the copyist and does not authorize sharing or collective use. Art. L122-5, 3°(a) (quotation) remains limited to short quotations and analyses. The classification remains LIGHT BLUE. The CPI applies to Saint Pierre and Miquelon as a French territorial collectivity.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions reserved for the private use of the copyist, not intended for collective use — permits full-work reproduction for private purposes
Analyses and short quotations justified by critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character — limited to short excerpts
Law changes
Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique, telle que modifiée par la Loi n° 85-660 du 3 juillet 1985
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Art. 41(2), Art. 41(3)
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1957-03-11
Why this score
As of 1990-01-01, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, as a French territorial collectivity (per Loi n° 85-595 du 11 juin 1985), is governed by French copyright law. The applicable law was the Loi du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique as amended by Loi n° 85-660 du 3 juillet 1985. The most relevant exceptions for research are: (1) Art. 41(2) — private copying exception: permits copies reserved strictly for the private use of the copyist, not intended for collective use. This covers reproduction of full works but is limited to private/personal use by individuals and does not authorize sharing. (2) Art. 41(3) — quotation exception: permits only 'analyses and short quotations' for scientific/educational purposes, which does not permit full-work reproduction. The private copy exception (Art. 41(2)) is the most permissive for research purposes as it permits reproduction of full works of any type by any individual for private use, but it restricts the user to private/personal use and does not permit sharing. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. The non-commercial nature of the use and single-copy implications are classification-neutral factors and were not considered in the color assignment.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions reserved strictly for the private use of the copyist and not intended for collective use — permits full-work reproduction for private purposes
Analyses and short quotations justified by critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informatory character — limited to short excerpts, not full works
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 41 of Law No. 57-298 of March 11, 1957 (as amended): When the work has been disclosed, the author may not prohibit: ... (2) Copies or reproductions reserved strictly for the private use of the copyist and not intended for collective use... (3) Subject to the name of the author and the source being clearly indicated: analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informatory character of the work in which they are incorporated.
Source links
Code de la propriété intellectuelle (partie législative), créé par Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992
Relevant update · Effective 1992-07-03
60%
Relevant section: Art. L122-5, 2° et 3°(a)
Dates: Effective 1992-07-03 · Enacted 1992-07-01
Why this score
The Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992 codified French intellectual property law into the Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI). The substantive exceptions relevant to research were carried over from the 1957 Law without material change. Art. L122-5, 2° (private copy) remains the most permissive exception for research: it permits reproduction of full works of any type but is restricted to private use of the copyist and does not authorize sharing or collective use. Art. L122-5, 3°(a) (quotation) remains limited to short quotations and analyses. The classification remains LIGHT BLUE. The CPI applies to Saint Pierre and Miquelon as a French territorial collectivity.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions reserved for the private use of the copyist, not intended for collective use — permits full-work reproduction for private purposes
Analyses and short quotations justified by critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character — limited to short excerpts
Original text
L'auteur ne peut interdire : ... 2° Les copies ou reproductions réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective ... 3° Sous réserve que soient indiqués clairement le nom de l'auteur et la source : a) Les analyses et courtes citations justifiées par le caractère critique, polémique, pédagogique, scientifique ou d'information de l'oeuvre à laquelle elles sont incorporées ;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: The author may not prohibit: ... 2° Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the person making the copy and not intended for collective use ... 3° Provided that the name of the author and the source are clearly indicated: (a) Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character of the work in which they are incorporated;
Source links
Loi n° 2006-961 du 1er août 2006 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins dans la société de l'information (Loi DADVSI)
Relevant update · Effective 2006-08-04
60%
Relevant section: Art. L122-5, 3°(e), Art. L122-5, 8°
Dates: Effective 2006-08-04 · Enacted 2006-08-01
Why this score
The Loi DADVSI of 2006 transposed EU Directive 2001/29/EC into French law. It modified Art. L122-5 by adding several new exceptions and refining existing ones. Key changes relevant to research: (1) Art. L122-5, 3°(e) added a press/information exception for graphic/architectural works — not directly a research exception. (2) Art. L122-5, 8° added a library/archive preservation exception — but this is limited to preservation and on-premises consultation, not research copying or sharing. (3) The private copy exception (Art. L122-5, 2°) was maintained but now subject to the three-step test in the final paragraph of Art. L122-5. (4) Art. L122-5, 3°(a) quotation exception unchanged. The most permissive exception for research remains Art. L122-5, 2° (private copy): full-work reproduction, any work type, but restricted to private use of the copyist, no sharing. The library exception (8°) is narrower (on-premises consultation only, preservation purpose). Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private copy exception — copies reserved for private use of the copyist, not for collective use. Permits full-work reproduction but restricted to private/personal use.
Analyses and short quotations for critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory purposes — limited to short excerpts
Reproduction by libraries, museums, archives for preservation or on-premises consultation — does not authorize research copying or sharing
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. L122-5, 3°(e): The author may not prohibit: ... the reproduction or representation, in whole or in part, of a work of graphic, plastic or architectural art, by way of written, audiovisual or online press, for the exclusive purpose of immediate information directly related to the latter, subject to the name of the author being clearly indicated. Art. L122-5, 8°: The reproduction of a work, made for the purpose of preservation or intended to preserve the conditions of its consultation on the premises of libraries open to the public, museums or archive services, provided that these do not seek any economic or commercial advantage.
Source links
Loi n° 2016-1321 du 7 octobre 2016 pour une République numérique
Relevant update · Effective 2016-10-09
60%
Relevant section: Art. L122-5, 10° (TDM exception)
Dates: Effective 2016-10-09 · Enacted 2016-10-07
Why this score
The Loi pour une République numérique added Art. L122-5, 10° to the CPI, creating France's first TDM-specific exception. However, this TDM exception is narrow: it is restricted to (1) public research purposes, (2) non-commercial use, (3) works included in or associated with scientific publications, and (4) storage/communication of results only through designated organizations. While it does cover both reproduction and communication (via designated organizations), it is restricted to public research institutions and scientific publications. Individually this would be PURPLE (institutional restriction). However, the pre-existing private copy exception (Art. L122-5, 2°) remains in force and is more permissive for individual researchers (full-work reproduction, any work, any individual for private use). The overall classification remains LIGHT BLUE based on the private copy exception being the most permissive for research use. The TDM exception adds a new dimension (communication through designated organizations for public research) but does not change the overall color because it is more restrictive on users than the private copy exception.
Exceptions considered
Private copy exception — copies reserved for private use of the copyist, not for collective use. Full-work reproduction, any work, individual use only.
Analyses and short quotations for scientific/educational/informatory purposes — limited to short excerpts
Library/archive preservation and on-premises consultation exception
TDM exception for public research purposes, non-commercial, from lawful sources associated with scientific publications. Covers reproduction and communication through designated organizations.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. L122-5, 10°: The author may not prohibit: ... copies or digital reproductions made from a lawful source, for the purposes of text and data mining included in or associated with a scientific publication, for the needs of public research, excluding any commercial purpose. The storage and communication of the technical files produced at the conclusion of the text and data mining activities shall be carried out by designated organizations; the conditions of storage and communication shall be fixed by decree.
Source links
Ordonnance n° 2021-1518 du 24 novembre 2021 portant transposition de la directive (UE) 2019/790 sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins dans le marché unique numérique
Relevant update · Effective 2021-11-26
80%
Relevant section: Art. L122-5-3 (TDM for research), Art. L122-5-4 (general TDM)
Dates: Effective 2021-11-26 · Enacted 2021-11-24
Why this score
After reassessment: Art. L122-5-4 (general TDM) permits reproduction of full works by any user with lawful access for TDM purposes. The rightsholder opt-out is analogous to a contractual/licensing condition and does not change the statutory scope of the exception on its face — the statute creates the exception and allows rightsholders to reserve rights, but the default is that TDM reproduction is permitted. This is broader than the private copy exception on the users dimension (any user, not just private individuals). It covers reproduction only (not communication/sharing). It applies to all types of works. Therefore Art. L122-5-4 = BLUE (reproduction of full works, any work, any user, no sharing). Art. L122-5-3 (research TDM) is restricted to institutions = PURPLE individually. Art. L122-5, 2° (private copy) = LIGHT BLUE individually. The most permissive exception is Art. L122-5-4 = BLUE. Overall classification: BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private copy exception — copies reserved for private use of the copyist, not for collective use. Full-work reproduction, any work, individual use only.
Analyses and short quotations for scientific/educational/informatory purposes — limited to short excerpts
Library/archive preservation and on-premises consultation exception
TDM for scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions — reproduction and extraction, no opt-out, restricted to institutions
General TDM exception — reproduction of works for TDM by any user with lawful access, subject to rightsholder opt-out, copies not retained beyond necessity
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. L122-5-3: The reproduction and extraction from a lawful source of works for the purposes of text and data mining carried out for the needs of scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions shall not require the authorization of the author. The storage of copies made for TDM purposes shall be carried out with an appropriate level of security. Art. L122-5-4: Copies of works made for the purposes of text and data mining of works to which there is lawful access shall not require the authorization of the author, provided that the storage of such copies is not retained beyond what is necessary for the purposes of the text and data mining. This exception shall not apply where the rightholders have expressly reserved the right of reproduction in an appropriate manner, including by machine-readable means.
Source links
Code de la propriété intellectuelle (consolidated version in force in 2025)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
80%
Relevant section: Art. L122-5, 2°; Art. L122-5, 3°(a); Art. L122-5, 8°; Art. L122-5-3; Art. L122-5-4
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the French Code de la propriété intellectuelle applies to Saint Pierre and Miquelon as confirmed by the territorial applicability of French law to this collectivity (per Loi n° 85-595 and subsequent organic laws, and as confirmed by lawgratis.com). The most permissive exception for research purposes is Art. L122-5-4 (general TDM exception): it permits reproduction of full works of any type by any user with lawful access for TDM purposes. It does not authorize communication/sharing of copies. It is subject to rightsholder opt-out. This maps to BLUE (reproduction of full works, any work, any user, no sharing). Other exceptions remain in force: Art. L122-5, 2° (private copy, LIGHT BLUE), Art. L122-5, 3°(a) (quotation, RED), Art. L122-5, 8° (library preservation, PURPLE), Art. L122-5-3 (institutional TDM, PURPLE). The overall classification is BLUE based on Art. L122-5-4 being the most permissive. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restrictions, lawful access requirements, storage limitations) were not used to determine the color.
Exceptions considered
Private copy exception — copies reserved for private use of the copyist, not for collective use. Full-work reproduction, any work, individual use only.
Analyses and short quotations for scientific/educational/informatory purposes — limited to short excerpts
Library/archive preservation and on-premises consultation exception
TDM for scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions — reproduction and extraction, no opt-out, restricted to institutions
General TDM exception — reproduction of works for TDM by any user with lawful access, subject to rightsholder opt-out, copies not retained beyond necessity
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. L122-5-4: Copies of works made for the purposes of text and data mining of works to which there is lawful access shall not require the authorization of the author, provided that the storage of such copies is not retained beyond what is necessary for the purposes of the text and data mining. This exception shall not apply where the rightholders have expressly reserved the right of reproduction in an appropriate manner, including by machine-readable means. Art. L122-5, 2°: The author may not prohibit copies or reproductions reserved strictly for the private use of the person making the copy and not intended for collective use.