Selected year snapshot
For 2024, the active event in this file is Loi n° 2016-1231 du 22 septembre 2016 (extension to New Caledonia of TDM-related provisions via ordonnance or subsequent legislation).
60%
Current rationale
The Loi pour une République numérique (Loi n° 2016-1231 du 7 octobre 2016) introduced a TDM exception at Article L. 122-5, 10° of the CPI, permitting 'copies ou reproductions numériques réalisées à partir d'une source licite, en vue de l'exploration de textes et de données incluses ou associées aux écrits scientifiques pour les besoins de la recherche publique' (digital copies or reproductions from a lawful source for the purpose of text and data mining of texts and data included in or associated with scientific writings for the needs of public research). This exception is narrow: it covers only reproduction (not communication/sharing), only scientific writings, and only for public research entities. Individually this would be ORANGE (restricted to scientific writings — a category of works) or PURPLE (restricted to public research institutions). However, the pre-existing private-copy exception (L. 122-5, 2°) remains in force and is broader (full works, all types, any individual for private use). The most permissive exception remains the private-copy exception. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE. Note: the applicability of this provision to New Caledonia depends on the CPI's overseas extension provisions. The Loi pour une République numérique was enacted on 7 October 2016.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use; covers full works; restricted to individual private use.
Digital reproduction from a lawful source for TDM of scientific writings for the needs of public research; restricted to scientific writings and public research entities; reproduction only, no sharing.
Reproduction and representation of excerpts for illustration for teaching and research; limited to excerpts.
Analyses and short quotations; limited to short excerpts.
Library/institutional reproduction for on-premises terminal consultation.
Law changes
Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Articles 41, 41-1
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1957-03-11
Why this score
New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity of France. As of 1990-01-01, the French intellectual property law applicable in New Caledonia was the Loi du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique. This law contained a private-copy exception (Article 41, paragraph 2: 'copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective') and a quotation/analysis exception (Article 41, paragraph 3, limited to short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character of the work). The private-copy exception covers reproduction of full works for private use by the individual copier, covering all types of works, but is restricted to private/personal use and does not authorize sharing or communication. The quotation exception is limited to short excerpts (RED individually). No general fair dealing, fair use, or institutional research exception existed. The most permissive research-relevant exception is the private-copy exception (copie privée), which permits full-work reproduction but only for private use of the copier — yielding LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction and copy-limit factors are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use; covers full works of all types but restricted to individual private use; no sharing permitted.
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character of the incorporating work; limited to short excerpts, not full works.
Code de la propriété intellectuelle (partie législative), Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992
Relevant update · Effective 1992-07-01
60%
Relevant section: Article L. 122-5
Dates: Effective 1992-07-01 · Enacted 1992-07-01
Why this score
The Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI) codified French copyright law effective 1 July 1992. Article L. 122-5 replaced the former Article 41 of the 1957 law. It maintained the private-copy exception (L. 122-5, 2°: 'copies ou reproductions réalisées à partir d'une source licite et strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective') and the quotation/analysis exception (L. 122-5, 3°: analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character). The CPI was extended to New Caledonia. The private-copy exception remains the most permissive research-relevant provision: it permits full-work reproduction for private use of the copier, covering all types of works, but does not authorize sharing or institutional use. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE. The quotation exception remains RED individually (short excerpts only). No fair dealing, fair use, general research, or institutional exception was added.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use; covers full works of all types; restricted to individual private use; no sharing.
Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character of the incorporating work; limited to short excerpts.
Source links
Loi n° 2006-961 du 1er août 2006 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins dans la société de l'information (DADVSI)
Relevant update · Effective 2006-08-04
60%
Relevant section: Article L. 122-5, 2°, 3° (e), 8°
Dates: Effective 2006-08-04 · Enacted 2006-08-01
Why this score
The DADVSI law of 2006 transposed the EU InfoSoc Directive (2001/29/EC) into French law. It amended Article L. 122-5 of the CPI. Key changes relevant to research: (1) The private-copy exception (2°) was maintained but clarified with the 'source licite' (lawful source) requirement. (2) A new exception was added at L. 122-5, 3° (e) for reproduction and representation for the purpose of illustration for teaching and research ('à des fins exclusives d'illustration dans le cadre de l'enseignement et de la recherche'), subject to conditions including non-commercial purpose, identification of the source and author, and compensation. However, this exception was limited to excerpts ('des extraits d'œuvres') and did not permit full-work reproduction. (3) L. 122-5, 8° added a library/institutional exception for reproduction for consultation on dedicated terminals on premises — this is too narrow for general research copying. The private-copy exception (2°) remains the most permissive for research: it permits full-work reproduction for private use of the copier. The teaching/research exception (3°(e)) is individually RED because it is limited to excerpts. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE. The DADVSI law was extended to New Caledonia via Article L. 811-1 of the CPI as amended.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use; covers full works; restricted to individual private use.
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for the exclusive purpose of illustration for teaching and research, non-commercial, with source attribution and compensation; limited to excerpts, not full works.
Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character; limited to short excerpts.
Reproduction by libraries, museums, archives for consultation on dedicated terminals on premises; too narrow for general research copying (on-premises terminal only).
Source links
Loi n° 2016-1231 du 22 septembre 2016 (extension to New Caledonia of TDM-related provisions via ordonnance or subsequent legislation)
Relevant update · Effective 2016-10-09
60%
Relevant section: Article L. 122-5, 10° (as introduced by Loi n° 2016-1231)
Dates: Effective 2016-10-09 · Enacted 2016-10-07
Why this score
The Loi pour une République numérique (Loi n° 2016-1231 du 7 octobre 2016) introduced a TDM exception at Article L. 122-5, 10° of the CPI, permitting 'copies ou reproductions numériques réalisées à partir d'une source licite, en vue de l'exploration de textes et de données incluses ou associées aux écrits scientifiques pour les besoins de la recherche publique' (digital copies or reproductions from a lawful source for the purpose of text and data mining of texts and data included in or associated with scientific writings for the needs of public research). This exception is narrow: it covers only reproduction (not communication/sharing), only scientific writings, and only for public research entities. Individually this would be ORANGE (restricted to scientific writings — a category of works) or PURPLE (restricted to public research institutions). However, the pre-existing private-copy exception (L. 122-5, 2°) remains in force and is broader (full works, all types, any individual for private use). The most permissive exception remains the private-copy exception. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE. Note: the applicability of this provision to New Caledonia depends on the CPI's overseas extension provisions. The Loi pour une République numérique was enacted on 7 October 2016.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use; covers full works; restricted to individual private use.
Digital reproduction from a lawful source for TDM of scientific writings for the needs of public research; restricted to scientific writings and public research entities; reproduction only, no sharing.
Reproduction and representation of excerpts for illustration for teaching and research; limited to excerpts.
Analyses and short quotations; limited to short excerpts.
Library/institutional reproduction for on-premises terminal consultation.
Code de la propriété intellectuelle (as applicable in New Caledonia)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Article L. 122-5, 2°, 3°, 10° (and L. 811-1 et seq. for overseas applicability)
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the copyright law applicable in New Caledonia is the French Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI), as extended to New Caledonia under Articles L. 811-1 et seq. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article L. 122-5, 2° — the private-copy exception — which permits reproduction of full works of all types, from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use. This covers reproduction only (not sharing/communication) and is restricted to individual private use. It yields LIGHT BLUE. Other exceptions in force include: (a) L. 122-5, 3°(a) — quotation/analysis (RED individually, limited to short excerpts); (b) L. 122-5, 3°(e) — teaching/research illustration (RED individually, limited to excerpts); (c) L. 122-5, 10° — TDM of scientific writings for public research (ORANGE individually, restricted to scientific writings and public research entities); (d) L. 122-5, 8° — library on-premises terminal consultation (PURPLE individually). France also transposed the DSM Directive (2019/790) TDM exceptions (Articles 3 and 4) via Ordonnance n° 2021-580 du 12 mai 2021, creating new provisions at L. 122-5-3 of the CPI. However, the applicability of this ordonnance to New Caledonia has not been verified — the DSM transposition may require specific extension to New Caledonia. Even if the DSM TDM exceptions (L. 122-5-3) apply, they authorize reproduction and extraction (not communication/sharing to the public), so they would be BLUE at most. The private-copy exception (LIGHT BLUE) would still be the classification because LIGHT BLUE and BLUE are at the same level of permissiveness but LIGHT BLUE is more restrictive on users while BLUE is more restrictive on uses — these are conflicting dimensions. However, the DSM TDM exception (if applicable) covers reproduction for any user for TDM purposes (Art. 4 transposition) or for research organizations (Art. 3 transposition), which could be BLUE (reproduction of full works, all types, any user for TDM, but no sharing). If the DSM TDM exception applies in New Caledonia, the classification could be BLUE. Given uncertainty about extension to New Caledonia, the confirmed classification is LIGHT BLUE based on the private-copy exception, which is definitively in force. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, lawful-source requirement, compensation) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction from a lawful source, strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use; covers full works of all types; restricted to individual private use; no sharing.
Digital reproduction from a lawful source for TDM of scientific writings for the needs of public research; restricted to scientific writings and public research entities; reproduction only.
Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informational character; limited to short excerpts.
Reproduction and representation of excerpts for illustration for teaching and research; limited to excerpts; non-commercial.
Library/institutional reproduction for on-premises terminal consultation only.
TDM exception transposing DSM Directive Arts. 3-4: reproduction and extraction for TDM by research organizations (Art. 3) or any person with lawful access (Art. 4, subject to opt-out); reproduction/extraction only, no communication. Applicability to New Caledonia unverified.