Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Baseline.
0%
Current rationale
As of 1990-01-01, Vanuatu had no local copyright legislation in force. Vanuatu gained independence in 1980 and did not inherit or enact any copyright statute that was in force on this date. The Copyright and Related Rights Act No. 42 of 2000 was assented to on 29 December 2000 but did not commence until 8 February 2011. Prior to that Act, there was no copyright law and therefore no statutory exceptions or limitations for research, private study, fair dealing, or any other purpose. Without any copyright statute, there are no statutory exceptions permitting reproduction of copyrighted works for research. The absence of copyright law means there was no statutory framework at all — no rights and no exceptions. Classification as RED reflects that no statutory exception existed permitting full-work reproduction for research purposes.
Law changes
Baseline
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
0%
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01
Why this score
As of 1990-01-01, Vanuatu had no local copyright legislation in force. Vanuatu gained independence in 1980 and did not inherit or enact any copyright statute that was in force on this date. The Copyright and Related Rights Act No. 42 of 2000 was assented to on 29 December 2000 but did not commence until 8 February 2011. Prior to that Act, there was no copyright law and therefore no statutory exceptions or limitations for research, private study, fair dealing, or any other purpose. Without any copyright statute, there are no statutory exceptions permitting reproduction of copyrighted works for research. The absence of copyright law means there was no statutory framework at all — no rights and no exceptions. Classification as RED reflects that no statutory exception existed permitting full-work reproduction for research purposes.
Copyright and Related Rights Act No. 42 of 2000
Relevant update · Effective 2011-02-08
60%
Relevant section: Sections 10, 12, 13, 14
Dates: Effective 2011-02-08 · Enacted 2000-12-29
Why this score
The Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 commenced on 8 February 2011. Evaluating all research-relevant exceptions: (1) Section 10 — Private Reproduction for Personal Purposes: permits a natural person to make a single copy of a published work exclusively for personal purposes. This covers reproduction of full works (with exclusions for architecture, substantial parts of digital databases, and computer programs). The restriction to 'a natural person exclusively for his own personal purposes' makes this a private/personal use exception. It does not authorize sharing or communication. This is the most permissive exception because it permits full-work reproduction (for most work types) by any individual for personal purposes. (2) Section 12 — Quotation: limited to 'a short part' of a published work, so only excerpts — RED individually. (3) Section 13 — Educational: limited to 'a short part' or 'short works or short extracts' — RED individually for research purposes, and restricted to teaching contexts. (4) Section 14 — Libraries and Archives: limited to 'a published article, other short work or short extract of a work' for study/scholarship/private research — does not permit full-work reproduction for research requests (only short works/extracts). The preservation limb (14(1)(b)) permits full copies but only for preservation/replacement, not research. Individually PURPLE/RED. The most permissive exception for research use is Section 10 (private reproduction for personal purposes), which permits full-work reproduction by a natural person for personal purposes. 'Personal purposes' would encompass private study and personal research. However, it is restricted to natural persons acting for personal purposes, does not cover sharing/communication, and excludes architecture, substantial parts of digital databases, and computer programs. The exclusion of certain work types would normally push toward ORANGE, but the exclusions are narrow (architecture as buildings, digital databases in substantial part, computer programs). For most research-relevant works (books, articles, journals, audiovisual works, etc.), full-work reproduction is permitted. The primary restriction is the personal/private user limitation. Classification: LIGHT BLUE — full-work reproduction is permitted for most works, but restricted to natural persons for personal purposes, with no sharing permitted. The work-type exclusions (architecture, digital databases, computer programs) are noted but do not change the classification because the exception still permits full-work reproduction for the vast majority of work types. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction of a published work in a single copy by a natural person exclusively for personal purposes. Excludes architecture (as buildings), substantial parts of digital databases, computer programs, and cases conflicting with normal exploitation.
Quotation — reproduction of a short part of a published work as a quotation, compatible with fair practice, with attribution.
Reproduction of a short part of a published work for teaching purposes by way of illustration, compatible with fair practice.
Reprographic reproduction of published articles, short works or short extracts for face-to-face teaching in non-commercial educational institutions.
Library/archive may make a single reprographic copy of a published article, short work, or short extract to satisfy a request of a natural person for study, scholarship, or private research.
Library/archive may copy a work for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies in permanent collections.
Original text
10 Private Reproduction For Personal Purposes (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8(1), the private reproduction of a published work in a single copy is permitted without the authorisation of the author or owner of copyright, where the reproduction is made by a natural person exclusively for his own personal purposes. (2) The permission under subsection (1) does not extend to reproduction of: (a) a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the whole or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (c) a computer program except as provided in section 16; and (d) any work in cases where reproduction would conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or would otherwise unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author or owner of copyright. 12 Quotation (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8(1), the reproduction of a short part of a published work in the form of a quotation, with an indication of the source and the name of the author, is permitted without the authorisation of the author or owner of copyright, if such reproduction is compatible with fair practice. (2) The permission under subsection (1) extends to reproduction of the work in the form of a press summary. 13 Reproduction For Educational or Legal Purposes (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8(1), the following acts are permitted without the authorisation of the author or owner of copyright: (a) the reproduction of a short part of a published work for teaching purposes to the extent justified by the purpose, by way of illustration, in writings or in sound or visual recordings, provided that such reproduction is compatible with fair practice and that the source and the name of the author are indicated in the reproduction; (b) the reprographic reproduction, for face-to-face teaching in educational institutions the activities of which do not serve direct or indirect commercial gain, of published articles, other short works or short extracts of works, to the extent justified by the purpose, provided that: (i) the act of reproduction is an isolated one occurring, if repeated, on separate and unrelated occasions; and (ii) there is no collective licence available (that is, offered by a collective management organisation of which the author or owner of copyright is a member or which is authorised to offer such a licence) that is readily available and of which the educational institution is or should be aware, under which such reproduction can be made; (c) the reproduction of a work by or under the direction of the Government of Vanuatu for use in legal proceedings to the extent justified by the purpose. 14 Reproduction by Libraries and Archives (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8(1), any library or archive whose activities do not serve direct or indirect commercial gain may, without the authorisation of the author or owner of copyright, make a single copy of the work by reprographic reproduction: (a) where the work reproduced is a published article, other short work or short extract of a work, and where the purpose of the reproduction is to satisfy the request of a natural person, provided that: (i) the library or archive is satisfied that the copy will be used solely for the purposes of study, scholarship or private research; (ii) the act of reproduction is an isolated one occurring, if repeated, on separate and unrelated occasions; and (iii) there is no collective licence available that is readily available and of which the library or archive is or should be aware, under which such copy can be made; or (b) where the copy is made in order to preserve and, if necessary, replace a copy, or to replace a copy which has been lost, destroyed or rendered unusable in the permanent collection of another similar library or archive, provided that it is impossible to obtain such a copy under reasonable conditions.
Source links
Copyright and Related Rights Act No. 42 of 2000 (as amended by Act No. 10 of 2021)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Sections 10, 12, 13, 14
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 remains in force, as amended by the Copyright and Related Rights (Amendment) Act No. 10 of 2021 and the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act No. 5 of 2019. The 2021 amendment (Act No. 10 of 2021) is recorded on WIPO Lex but the full text of the amendment could not be retrieved to verify whether it altered the exceptions in Sections 10–14. The 2019 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act is also recorded but its full text could not be verified for changes to copyright exceptions. Based on the available evidence, the core exceptions framework (Sections 10–14) appears unchanged. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Section 10 (private reproduction for personal purposes), which permits a natural person to reproduce a full published work in a single copy exclusively for personal purposes. This covers private study and personal research but is restricted to natural persons for personal use, does not authorize sharing/communication, and excludes architecture (as buildings), substantial parts of digital databases, and computer programs. No fair dealing, fair use, general research exception, or TDM exception exists in the law. The library exception (Section 14) is limited to short works/extracts for research requests. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE: full-work reproduction permitted for most work types, restricted to natural persons for personal purposes, no sharing. Work-type exclusions are narrow and do not change the classification. Non-commercial and single-copy restrictions are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Private reproduction of a published work in a single copy by a natural person exclusively for personal purposes. Excludes architecture (as buildings), substantial parts of digital databases, computer programs, and cases conflicting with normal exploitation.
Quotation — reproduction of a short part of a published work as a quotation, compatible with fair practice, with attribution.
Reproduction of a short part of a published work for teaching purposes by way of illustration.
Reprographic reproduction of published articles, short works or short extracts for face-to-face teaching in non-commercial educational institutions.
Library/archive may make a single reprographic copy of a published article, short work, or short extract for study, scholarship, or private research of a natural person.
Library/archive may copy a work for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies.
Original text
10 Private Reproduction For Personal Purposes (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8(1), the private reproduction of a published work in a single copy is permitted without the authorisation of the author or owner of copyright, where the reproduction is made by a natural person exclusively for his own personal purposes. (2) The permission under subsection (1) does not extend to reproduction of: (a) a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the whole or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (c) a computer program except as provided in section 16; and (d) any work in cases where reproduction would conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or would otherwise unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author or owner of copyright.