Selected year snapshot
For 2024, the active event in this file is Loi n° 94-36 du 24 février 1994 relative à la propriété littéraire et artistique, telle que modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 2009-33 du 23 juin 2009.
20%
Current rationale
As of 2025, the law in force remains the 1994 Act as amended by the 2009 law. No further amendments to the copyright exceptions have been identified. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article 12 (private use), which permits a natural person to make a single copy for strictly personal and private use, but excludes full-work reproduction of: (a) architectural works as plans/constructions, (b) entire books or musical works reprographically, (c) all or essential parts of databases in digital form, and (d) software. Because full-work reproduction IS permitted for some types of works (e.g., journal articles, photographs, audiovisual works, visual art) but NOT for entire books, musical works, databases, or software, this remains ORANGE. Article 10(a) (quotations) is RED standing alone. Article 10(b) (teaching illustration) covers 'use' broadly but is limited to teaching, not independent research. Article 10(c) (institutional archiving/conservation) is limited to preservation, not research supply. Article 13(a) (transient reproduction) is a technical exception. There is no fair use, fair dealing, general research exception, or TDM exception in Tunisian law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose
Use of works for illustration of teaching through publications, broadcasts, or recordings, conforming to fair practice
Reproduction for archiving or conservation by libraries, archives, museums, educational and scientific institutions, limited to needs of their activities, subject to three-step test
Single-copy reproduction by a natural person for strictly personal and private use, excluding architectural works as plans, entire books or musical works reprographically, databases in digital form, and software
Provisional/transient reproduction as part of a technical process for network transmission or lawful use, with no independent economic significance
Law changes
Loi n° 94-36 du 24 février 1994 relative à la propriété littéraire et artistique
Baseline · Effective 1994-03-01
20%
Relevant section: Articles 10, 11
Dates: Effective 1994-03-01 · Enacted 1994-02-24
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception is Article 11, which permits reproduction of a single copy by a natural person for strictly personal and private use. This covers all types of works and all users (as individuals), but it explicitly excludes: (a) architectural works as plans/constructions, (b) reprographic reproduction of an entire book or musical work, (c) all or essential parts of databases in digital form, and (d) software. Because full-work reproduction IS permitted for some types of works (e.g., articles, photographs, films, visual art) but NOT for entire books, musical works, databases, or software, this is ORANGE — full-work reproduction is available for at least some categories but specific categories are carved out. Article 10(a) only permits quotations (excerpts), which would be RED standing alone. Article 10(b) covers illustration for teaching, not directly research. The private/personal qualifier in Article 11 would normally suggest LIGHT BLUE, but the work-type exclusions are more restrictive than the user restriction, so ORANGE applies. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose, with attribution
Use of works for illustration of teaching through publications, broadcasts, or recordings, conforming to fair practice
Single-copy reproduction by a natural person for strictly personal and private use, excluding architectural works as plans, entire books or musical works reprographically, databases in digital form, and software
Original text
Article 10 - Sont licites, sous réserve de la mention du nom de l'auteur et de la source : a) les citations tirées d'une oeuvre, déjà rendue licitement accessible au public, à condition qu'elles soient conformes aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre, y compris les citations d'articles de journaux et de recueils périodiques sous forme de revues de presse; b) l'utilisation d'oeuvres à titre d'illustration de l'enseignement par le moyen de publications, d'émissions de radiodiffusion ou d'enregistrements sonores ou visuels, à condition qu'une telle utilisation soit conforme aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre. Article 11 - Sont licites les reproductions, sous forme de copie unique, effectuées par une personne physique pour son usage strictement personnel et privé et non destinées à une utilisation collective, à l'exception : a) des reproductions d'oeuvres d'architecture se présentant sous forme de plans et de constructions; b) des reproductions reprographiques d'un livre entier ou d'une oeuvre musicale; c) des reproductions de la totalité ou de parties essentielles de bases de données sous forme numérique; d) des reproductions de logiciels, sauf dans les cas prévus à l'article 16 de la présente loi.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 10 - The following are lawful, subject to mention of the author's name and source: a) quotations from a work already lawfully made accessible to the public, provided they conform to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose, including quotations from newspaper articles and periodicals in the form of press reviews; b) the use of works by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings, provided such use conforms to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose. Article 11 - Reproductions in the form of a single copy made by a natural person for strictly personal and private use and not intended for collective use are lawful, with the exception of: a) reproductions of architectural works in the form of plans and constructions; b) reprographic reproductions of an entire book or a musical work; c) reproductions of all or essential parts of databases in digital form; d) reproductions of software, except as provided in Article 16 of this law.
Source links
Loi n° 2009-33 du 23 juin 2009, modifiant et complétant la loi n° 94-36 du 24 février 1994, relative à la propriété littéraire et artistique
Relevant update · Effective 2009-06-26
20%
Relevant section: Articles 10, 12, 13 (new)
Dates: Effective 2009-06-26 · Enacted 2009-06-23
Why this score
The 2009 amendment renumbered and revised the exceptions. The private use exception (now Art. 12) remains substantively the same as the former Art. 11, still excluding entire books, musical works, databases, and software from full-work reproduction. A new institutional exception was added at Art. 10(c) for libraries, archives, museums, educational and scientific institutions, but it is limited to reproduction for archiving or conservation purposes only — not for research lending or supply to users. Art. 10(a) remains a quotation exception (RED). Art. 10(b) remains an educational illustration exception. Art. 13(a) adds a transient/incidental reproduction exception for technical processes. The overall classification remains ORANGE because Art. 12 (private use) is still the most permissive exception for research reproduction, and it still excludes specific categories of works from full-work reproduction. The institutional exception (Art. 10(c)) is limited to archiving/conservation, not research supply, so it does not improve the classification. Non-commercial restriction and copy limits are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose
Use of works for illustration of teaching through publications, broadcasts, or recordings, conforming to fair practice
Reproduction for archiving or conservation by libraries, archives, museums, educational and scientific institutions, limited to needs of their activities, subject to three-step test
Single-copy reproduction by a natural person for strictly personal and private use, excluding architectural works as plans, entire books or musical works reprographically, databases in digital form, and software
Provisional/transient reproduction as part of a technical process for network transmission or lawful use, with no independent economic significance
Original text
Article 10 (nouveau) : Sous réserve des dispositions des articles 11 et 12 de la présente loi, et sans préjudice des droits moraux de l'auteur, sont licites les actes suivants : a) les citations tirées d'une œuvre, déjà rendue licitement accessible au public, à condition qu'elles soient conformes aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre, y compris les citations d'articles de journaux et de recueils périodiques sous forme de revues de presse; b) l'utilisation d'œuvres à titre d'illustration de l'enseignement par le moyen de publications, d'émissions de radiodiffusion ou d'enregistrements sonores ou visuels, à condition qu'une telle utilisation soit conforme aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre; c) la reproduction à des fins d'archivage ou de conservation d'une copie d'une œuvre par les bibliothèques et les services d'archives accessibles au public, les musées, les institutions d'enseignement, les établissements éducatifs et les institutions scientifiques, à condition que cette reproduction et le nombre de copies réalisées soient limités aux besoins de leurs activités et que cette reproduction ne porte pas atteinte à l'exploitation normale de l'œuvre et ne cause pas un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l'auteur. Article 12 (nouveau) : Sont licites les reproductions, sous forme de copie unique, effectuées par une personne physique pour son usage strictement personnel et privé et non destinées à une utilisation collective, à l'exception : a) des reproductions d'œuvres d'architecture se présentant sous forme de plans et de constructions; b) des reproductions reprographiques d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale; c) des reproductions de la totalité ou de parties essentielles de bases de données sous forme numérique; d) des reproductions de logiciels, sauf dans les cas prévus à l'article 18 de la présente loi. Article 13 (nouveau) : Sont licites les actes suivants : a) la reproduction provisoire d'une œuvre qui est transitoire ou accessoire et qui constitue une partie intégrante et essentielle d'un procédé technique et dont l'unique finalité est de permettre une transmission dans un réseau entre tiers par un intermédiaire ou une utilisation licite d'une œuvre et qui n'a pas de signification économique indépendante.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 10 (new): Subject to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12 of this law, and without prejudice to the moral rights of the author, the following acts are lawful: a) quotations from a work already lawfully made accessible to the public, provided they conform to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose, including quotations from newspaper articles and periodicals in the form of press reviews; b) the use of works by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings, provided such use conforms to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose; c) reproduction for archiving or conservation purposes of a copy of a work by libraries and archive services accessible to the public, museums, educational institutions, educational establishments and scientific institutions, provided that such reproduction and the number of copies made are limited to the needs of their activities and that such reproduction does not prejudice the normal exploitation of the work and does not cause unjustified prejudice to the legitimate interests of the author. Article 12 (new): Reproductions in the form of a single copy made by a natural person for strictly personal and private use and not intended for collective use are lawful, with the exception of: a) reproductions of architectural works in the form of plans and constructions; b) reprographic reproductions of an entire book or a musical work; c) reproductions of all or essential parts of databases in digital form; d) reproductions of software, except as provided in Article 18 of this law. Article 13 (new): The following acts are lawful: a) provisional reproduction of a work that is transitory or incidental and constitutes an integral and essential part of a technical process, the sole purpose of which is to enable transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary or a lawful use of a work, and which has no independent economic significance.
Source links
Loi n° 94-36 du 24 février 1994 relative à la propriété littéraire et artistique, telle que modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 2009-33 du 23 juin 2009
Current law confirmation · Effective 2009-06-26
20%
Relevant section: Articles 10, 12, 13
Dates: Effective 2009-06-26 · Enacted 2009-06-23
Why this score
As of 2025, the law in force remains the 1994 Act as amended by the 2009 law. No further amendments to the copyright exceptions have been identified. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article 12 (private use), which permits a natural person to make a single copy for strictly personal and private use, but excludes full-work reproduction of: (a) architectural works as plans/constructions, (b) entire books or musical works reprographically, (c) all or essential parts of databases in digital form, and (d) software. Because full-work reproduction IS permitted for some types of works (e.g., journal articles, photographs, audiovisual works, visual art) but NOT for entire books, musical works, databases, or software, this remains ORANGE. Article 10(a) (quotations) is RED standing alone. Article 10(b) (teaching illustration) covers 'use' broadly but is limited to teaching, not independent research. Article 10(c) (institutional archiving/conservation) is limited to preservation, not research supply. Article 13(a) (transient reproduction) is a technical exception. There is no fair use, fair dealing, general research exception, or TDM exception in Tunisian law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose
Use of works for illustration of teaching through publications, broadcasts, or recordings, conforming to fair practice
Reproduction for archiving or conservation by libraries, archives, museums, educational and scientific institutions, limited to needs of their activities, subject to three-step test
Single-copy reproduction by a natural person for strictly personal and private use, excluding architectural works as plans, entire books or musical works reprographically, databases in digital form, and software
Provisional/transient reproduction as part of a technical process for network transmission or lawful use, with no independent economic significance
Original text
Article 12 (nouveau) : Sont licites les reproductions, sous forme de copie unique, effectuées par une personne physique pour son usage strictement personnel et privé et non destinées à une utilisation collective, à l'exception : a) des reproductions d'œuvres d'architecture se présentant sous forme de plans et de constructions; b) des reproductions reprographiques d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale; c) des reproductions de la totalité ou de parties essentielles de bases de données sous forme numérique; d) des reproductions de logiciels, sauf dans les cas prévus à l'article 18 de la présente loi.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 12 (new): Reproductions in the form of a single copy made by a natural person for strictly personal and private use and not intended for collective use are lawful, with the exception of: a) reproductions of architectural works in the form of plans and constructions; b) reprographic reproductions of an entire book or a musical work; c) reproductions of all or essential parts of databases in digital form; d) reproductions of software, except as provided in Article 18 of this law.