Selected year snapshot
For 1990, the active event in this file is Zakon o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP).
60%
Current rationale
The 1995 ZASP established exceptions for private use (Art. 50) and internal institutional use (Art. 51). Art. 50 permits reproduction of full works by natural persons for private use (including private study/research), limited to three copies, non-commercial, covering all types of works. This is a private-use exception restricted to individuals. Art. 51 permits reproduction by legal persons for internal use but only via photocopying or similar processes. There is also a quotation exception (Art. 52) limited to excerpts. No general fair use/fair dealing clause exists. Art. 50 is the most permissive for research: it covers reproduction of full works of any type but is restricted to natural persons acting privately and does not cover sharing/communication. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral. The three-copy limit is classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction for private and other personal use by natural persons, up to three copies, non-commercial, any medium, any type of work
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons/sole proprietors, limited to photocopying or similar, up to three copies, non-commercial
Quotation of excerpts from a disclosed work for purposes of illustration, defence of an opinion, or criticism
Free use for the purpose of education (teaching illustration), limited to extent justified by purpose
Law changes
Zakon o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP)
Baseline · Effective 1995-04-28
60%
Relevant section: Art. 50, Art. 51
Dates: Effective 1995-04-28 · Enacted 1995-03-29
Why this score
The 1995 ZASP established exceptions for private use (Art. 50) and internal institutional use (Art. 51). Art. 50 permits reproduction of full works by natural persons for private use (including private study/research), limited to three copies, non-commercial, covering all types of works. This is a private-use exception restricted to individuals. Art. 51 permits reproduction by legal persons for internal use but only via photocopying or similar processes. There is also a quotation exception (Art. 52) limited to excerpts. No general fair use/fair dealing clause exists. Art. 50 is the most permissive for research: it covers reproduction of full works of any type but is restricted to natural persons acting privately and does not cover sharing/communication. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral. The three-copy limit is classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction for private and other personal use by natural persons, up to three copies, non-commercial, any medium, any type of work
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons/sole proprietors, limited to photocopying or similar, up to three copies, non-commercial
Quotation of excerpts from a disclosed work for purposes of illustration, defence of an opinion, or criticism
Free use for the purpose of education (teaching illustration), limited to extent justified by purpose
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 50 (Reproduction for private and other personal use): (1) A natural person may freely reproduce a work on any medium, if such reproduction is made in up to three copies, if this is done for private use, if the copies are not directly or indirectly used for commercial purposes, and if this is not done by a third party as part of its economic activity. Article 51 (Reproduction for internal use): (1) A legal person, a sole proprietor or another natural person performing a registered activity may freely reproduce a work on paper or a similar medium by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects, if such reproduction is made in up to three copies, if this is done for internal use, and if the copies are not directly or indirectly used for commercial purposes.
Source links
Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah zakona o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP-A)
Relevant update · Effective 2001-02-24
20%
Relevant section: Art. 50, Art. 51 (as amended)
Dates: Effective 2001-02-24 · Enacted 2001-02-09
Why this score
ZASP-A (2001) introduced explicit exclusions from the private-use exception in Art. 50(2): entire books (unless out of print for 2+ years), sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, and architectural works cannot be reproduced under the private-use exception. This means full-work reproduction is still permitted for some categories (e.g., articles, audiovisual works, sound recordings, photographic works, works of fine art) but NOT for entire books, sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, or architectural works. This is a classic ORANGE scenario: full-work reproduction is available for at least some types of works but specific categories are excluded. Art. 51 (institutional internal use) remains limited to photocopying. Art. 52 (quotation) remains limited to excerpts. The most permissive exception for research is still Art. 50, but it now excludes several work categories from full reproduction, moving the classification from LIGHT BLUE to ORANGE.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction for private use by natural persons, up to three copies, non-commercial, but excluding entire books (unless out of print 2+ years), sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, and architectural works
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons, limited to photocopying or similar, up to three copies, non-commercial
Quotation of excerpts for illustration, defence of opinion, or criticism
Free use for the purpose of education (teaching illustration)
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 50 (Reproduction for private and other personal use): (1) A natural person may freely reproduce a work on any medium, if such reproduction is made in up to three copies, if this is done for private use, if the copies are not directly or indirectly used for commercial purposes, and if this is not done by a third party as part of its economic activity. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall not be permitted to reproduce: 1. a written work in the extent of the entire book, unless the edition has been sold out for at least two years; 2. graphic editions of musical works (sheet music); 3. electronic databases; 4. a computer program, except in the cases referred to in Articles 111 and 112 of this Act; 5. a work of architecture by constructing an architectural object. Article 51 (Reproduction for internal use): (1) A legal person, a sole proprietor or another natural person performing a registered activity may freely reproduce a work on paper or a similar medium by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects, if such reproduction is made in up to three copies, if this is done for internal use, and if the copies are not directly or indirectly used for commercial purposes.
Source links
Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah zakona o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP-B)
Relevant update · Effective 2004-05-11
20%
Relevant section: Art. 49.a (new), Art. 50 (amended)
Dates: Effective 2004-05-11 · Enacted 2004-04-26
Why this score
ZASP-B (2004) transposed parts of the EU InfoSoc Directive (2001/29/EC), including the addition of Art. 49.a on temporary acts of reproduction. This is relevant to research in digital environments (e.g., caching during TDM) but does not independently authorize research copying. The private-use exception (Art. 50) and its work-category exclusions remained substantively the same. The overall classification remains ORANGE because the most permissive research-relevant exception is still Art. 50 with its category exclusions.
Exceptions considered
Temporary acts of reproduction that are transient/incidental, part of technological process, enabling transmission or lawful use, no independent economic significance
Reproduction for private use by natural persons, excluding entire books (unless out of print 2+ years), sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, architectural works
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons, limited to photocopying or similar
Quotation of excerpts
Free use for education/teaching illustration
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 49.a (Temporary acts of reproduction): Temporary acts of reproduction which are transient or incidental, which are an integral and essential part of a technological process, and the sole purpose of which is to enable a transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or a lawful use of a work, and which have no independent economic significance, shall be permitted.
Source links
Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah Zakona o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP-G)
Relevant update · Effective 2022-10-26
100%
Relevant section: Art. 47.a, Art. 47.b, Art. 47.c, Art. 49.b, Art. 50, Art. 51
Dates: Effective 2022-10-26 · Enacted 2022-10-11
Why this score
The 2022 amendment (ZASP-G, Official Gazette RS No. 130/22) transposed the DSM Directive (2019/790) and introduced several new research-relevant exceptions. Art. 49.b introduces a general scientific research exception permitting 'use' of a work for scientific research purposes, to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose. The word 'use' (uporaba) covers any exclusive right, not only reproduction — it encompasses reproduction, communication, making available, etc. This exception is open to any user (not restricted to institutions or individuals), covers all types of works, and permits both reproduction and sharing/communication. This maps to GREEN. Art. 47.a provides a TDM exception for research organisations and cultural heritage institutions (PURPLE if considered alone). Art. 47.b provides a general TDM exception for any user (GREEN if considered alone, but subject to opt-out by rights holders). Art. 49.b is the most permissive because it covers 'use' broadly for scientific research without the opt-out mechanism of Art. 47.b. The non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral. Pre-existing exceptions (Art. 50 private use, Art. 51 internal use) remain in force but are less permissive. The overall classification is GREEN based on Art. 49.b.
Exceptions considered
General scientific research exception: 'use' of a work for scientific research, to extent justified by non-commercial purpose, source/authorship indicated. Covers any exclusive right, any work, any user.
TDM for scientific research by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions, reproduction and extraction, lawful access required, no opt-out, 72-hour TPM remedy
General TDM exception for any user, reproduction and extraction, lawful access required, subject to rights holder opt-out
Reproduction for private use by natural persons, excluding entire books (unless out of print 2+ years), sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, architectural works
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons, limited to photocopying or similar
Quotation of excerpts
Free use for education/teaching illustration
Temporary acts of reproduction (transient/incidental, part of technological process)
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 47.a (Text and data mining for the purposes of scientific research): (1) Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions may, for the purposes of scientific research, reproduce and extract from works or other subject matter to which they have lawful access, in order to carry out text and data mining. (2) Copies and extractions made under paragraph (1) may be stored for as long as is necessary for the purposes of text and data mining, including for the verification of research results. (3) Rights holders may apply technological protection measures to ensure the security and integrity of the networks and databases where the works or other subject matter are hosted. Such measures shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective. (4) If rights holders apply technological protection measures that prevent the beneficiaries from carrying out text and data mining, the rights holders shall, at the request of the beneficiary, provide the means to carry out text and data mining within 72 hours. Article 47.b (Text and data mining): (1) Reproductions and extractions of lawfully accessible works and other subject matter for the purposes of text and data mining shall be permitted. (2) Reproductions and extractions made pursuant to paragraph (1) may be retained for as long as is necessary for the purposes of text and data mining. (3) The exception provided for in paragraph (1) shall apply on condition that the use of works and other subject matter referred to in that paragraph has not been expressly reserved by their rights holders in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means in the case of content made publicly available online. (4) The retention of reproductions and extractions shall not affect the assessment of whether a use is lawful. Article 47.c (Use of works and other subject matter in digital and cross-border teaching activities): [...] Article 49.b (Scientific research exception): The use of a work shall be permitted if it is done for the purpose of scientific research, to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved, provided that the source and authorship of the work are indicated, where possible.
Source links
Zakon o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP) – consolidated
Current law confirmation · Effective 2022-10-26
100%
Relevant section: Art. 47.a, Art. 47.b, Art. 49.b, Art. 50, Art. 51, Art. 52, Art. 53
Dates: Effective 2022-10-26
Why this score
As of 2025, the ZASP as amended by ZASP-G (2022) remains in force. The most permissive research-relevant exception is Art. 49.b, which permits 'use' (any exclusive right) of a work for scientific research, open to any user, covering all types of works, and encompassing both reproduction and communication/sharing. This maps to GREEN. Additionally, Art. 47.a provides institutional TDM for research (PURPLE alone), Art. 47.b provides general TDM for any user subject to opt-out (GREEN alone), Art. 50 provides private-use reproduction with work-category exclusions (ORANGE alone), Art. 51 provides institutional photocopying (PURPLE alone), Art. 52 provides quotation (RED alone), and Art. 53 provides educational use (BLUE alone). The non-commercial restriction in Art. 49.b is classification-neutral. No further amendments to these provisions have been identified between October 2022 and early 2025.
Exceptions considered
General scientific research exception: 'use' of a work for scientific research, to extent justified by non-commercial purpose, source/authorship indicated. Any exclusive right, any work, any user.
TDM for scientific research by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions, reproduction and extraction, lawful access, no opt-out, 72-hour TPM remedy
General TDM for any user, reproduction and extraction, lawful access, subject to rights holder opt-out
Reproduction for private use by natural persons, excluding entire books (unless out of print 2+ years), sheet music, electronic databases, computer programs, architectural works
Reproduction for internal use by legal persons, limited to photocopying or similar
Quotation of excerpts
Free use for education/teaching illustration
Temporary acts of reproduction (transient/incidental, part of technological process)
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 49.b (Scientific research exception): The use of a work shall be permitted if it is done for the purpose of scientific research, to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved, provided that the source and authorship of the work are indicated, where possible. Article 47.a (TDM for scientific research): (1) Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions may, for the purposes of scientific research, reproduce and extract from works or other subject matter to which they have lawful access, in order to carry out text and data mining. [...] Article 47.b (General TDM): (1) Reproductions and extractions of lawfully accessible works and other subject matter for the purposes of text and data mining shall be permitted. (2) [...] (3) The exception provided for in paragraph (1) shall apply on condition that the use of works and other subject matter referred to in that paragraph has not been expressly reserved by their rights holders in an appropriate manner [...]