Selected year snapshot
For 1999, the active event in this file is Lag (1993:1007) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk.
20%
Current rationale
SFS 1993:1007 amended § 12 to add explicit exclusions for computer programs and machine-readable databases (in addition to the pre-existing exclusion for architectural works). This narrowed the private-use exception by carving out specific categories of works from full-work reproduction. The exception still permits anyone to make single copies of published works for private use, covering most work types, but now excludes three categories. This makes the classification ORANGE: full-work reproduction is permitted for most works but not all. The exception covers reproduction only, not sharing. § 16 (library copying) and § 22 (quotation) remain in force but are less permissive. Non-commercial and copy-number restrictions are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Anyone may make single copies of published works for private use. Now explicitly excludes architectural works, computer programs, and machine-readable copies of machine-readable databases.
Libraries and archives may reproduce works for complementary and preservation purposes.
Quotation from published works in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose.
Law changes
Lag (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
20%
Relevant section: § 12, § 16, § 22
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1960-12-30
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception in force as of 1990-01-01 is § 12 (private use copying). It permits anyone to make single copies of published works for private use (enskilt bruk), covering full works. However, it explicitly excludes: (1) construction of architectural works, (2) copies of computer programs, and (3) machine-readable copies of machine-readable databases. Because full-work reproduction is permitted for most types of works but specific categories are carved out, this is ORANGE rather than LIGHT BLUE. The exception covers reproduction only (not sharing/communication). § 16 permits library/archive copying for complementary and preservation purposes (institutional, PURPLE). § 22 permits quotation in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose (quotation only, RED). The private-use exception at § 12 is the most permissive. Non-commercial restriction and copy-number limits are classification-neutral. The exclusion of specific work categories (computer programs, databases, architectural works) from full-work reproduction is the determining factor for ORANGE.
Exceptions considered
Anyone may make single copies of published works for private use (enskilt bruk). Excludes architectural works, computer programs, and machine-readable copies of machine-readable databases.
Libraries and archives may reproduce works for complementary and preservation purposes.
Quotation from published works in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose.
Original text
12 § Var och en får framställa enstaka exemplar av offentliggjorda verk för enskilt bruk. Sådana exemplar får inte användas för andra ändamål. Första stycket ger inte rätt att 1. uppföra byggnadsverk, 2. framställa exemplar av datorprogram, eller 3. framställa exemplar i maskinläsbar form av databaser i maskinläsbar form.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 12. Anyone may make single copies of works that have been made public, for private use. Such copies may not be used for other purposes. The first paragraph does not confer a right to 1. construct works of architecture, 2. make copies of computer programs, or 3. make copies in machine-readable form of databases in machine-readable form.
Source links
Lag (1993:1007) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
Relevant update · Effective 1994-01-01
20%
Relevant section: § 12
Dates: Effective 1994-01-01 · Enacted 1993-12-16
Why this score
SFS 1993:1007 amended § 12 to add explicit exclusions for computer programs and machine-readable databases (in addition to the pre-existing exclusion for architectural works). This narrowed the private-use exception by carving out specific categories of works from full-work reproduction. The exception still permits anyone to make single copies of published works for private use, covering most work types, but now excludes three categories. This makes the classification ORANGE: full-work reproduction is permitted for most works but not all. The exception covers reproduction only, not sharing. § 16 (library copying) and § 22 (quotation) remain in force but are less permissive. Non-commercial and copy-number restrictions are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Anyone may make single copies of published works for private use. Now explicitly excludes architectural works, computer programs, and machine-readable copies of machine-readable databases.
Libraries and archives may reproduce works for complementary and preservation purposes.
Quotation from published works in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose.
Original text
12 § Var och en får framställa enstaka exemplar av offentliggjorda verk för enskilt bruk. Sådana exemplar får inte användas för andra ändamål. Första stycket ger inte rätt att 1. uppföra byggnadsverk, 2. framställa exemplar av datorprogram, eller 3. framställa exemplar i maskinläsbar form av databaser i maskinläsbar form.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 12. Anyone may make single copies of works that have been made public, for private use. Such copies may not be used for other purposes. The first paragraph does not confer a right to 1. construct works of architecture, 2. make copies of computer programs, or 3. make copies in machine-readable form of databases in machine-readable form.
Source links
Lag (2005:360) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
Relevant update · Effective 2005-07-01
20%
Relevant section: § 12, § 16, § 17, § 42 a
Dates: Effective 2005-07-01 · Enacted 2005-05-25
Why this score
The 2005 amendment (implementing EU Directive 2001/29/EC, the InfoSoc Directive) significantly rewrote § 12. The wording changed from 'enskilt bruk' (private use in a broader sense) to 'privat bruk' (private use in a narrower, personal sense). The exclusions were expanded: in addition to architectural works, computer programs, and machine-readable databases, the exception now also prohibits engaging an outside party to make copies of musical works, cinematographic works, applied art, sculptural works, and architectural works. The exception still permits full-work reproduction for private use of many work types (literary works, photographic works, etc.), but excludes more categories than before. This remains ORANGE because full-work reproduction is permitted for some work types but not all. § 16 was also amended to clarify library/archive copying. § 17 was amended regarding copies for persons with disabilities. § 42 a introduced extended collective licensing provisions. The exception covers reproduction only, not sharing/communication. Non-commercial and copy-number restrictions are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Anyone may make one or a few copies of published works for private use. Excludes architectural works, computer programs, machine-readable compilations, and engaging outside parties for musical works, films, applied art, sculptures, and architectural works.
Libraries and archives may reproduce works for complementary and preservation purposes, including on-premises terminal access.
Libraries and organizations may make copies for persons with disabilities.
Quotation from published works in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose.
Extended collective licensing for various uses including institutional copying.
Original text
12 § Var och en får för privat bruk framställa ett eller några få exemplar av offentliggjorda verk. Exemplar som framställts med stöd av denna paragraf får inte användas för andra ändamål än privat bruk. Första stycket ger inte rätt att 1. uppföra byggnadsverk, 2. framställa exemplar av datorprogram, 3. framställa exemplar i maskinläsbar form av sammanställningar i maskinläsbar form, eller 4. framställa exemplar av verk genom att anlita en utomstående, om det gäller a) musikaliska verk, b) filmverk, c) brukskonstverk eller verk av konsthantverk, d) skulpturverk, eller e) verk av byggnadskonst genom att uppföra en byggnad.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 12. Anyone may, for private use, make one or a few copies of works that have been made public. Copies made under this section may not be used for purposes other than private use. The first paragraph does not confer a right to 1. construct works of architecture, 2. make copies of computer programs, 3. make copies in machine-readable form of compilations in machine-readable form, or 4. make copies of works by engaging an outside party, if the work is a) a musical work, b) a cinematographic work, c) a work of applied art or craft, d) a sculptural work, or e) a work of architecture by constructing a building.
Source links
Lag (2014:884) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
Relevant update · Effective 2014-10-29
20%
Relevant section: § 16 a, § 16 b
Dates: Effective 2014-10-29 · Enacted 2014-11-13
Why this score
The 2014 amendment introduced §§ 16 a and 16 b on orphan works, implementing EU Directive 2012/28/EU. This allows certain cultural heritage institutions to reproduce and make available orphan works. While this is a new institutional exception that covers both reproduction and communication, it is limited to orphan works and to specific institutions (libraries, educational establishments, museums, archives). It does not change the overall classification because: (1) it is narrower in scope than § 12 for most research uses (only orphan works), and (2) § 12 remains the most permissive general exception, which is ORANGE due to work-type exclusions. The orphan works exception itself would be PURPLE (institutional only) but is also limited to orphan works specifically.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying of published works, with exclusions for computer programs, architectural works, machine-readable compilations, and engaging outside parties for certain work types.
Library/archive reproduction for complementary and preservation purposes.
Certain institutions may reproduce and make available orphan works from their collections.
Quotation in accordance with proper usage.
Extended collective licensing for various institutional uses.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 16 a. Certain publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments, museums, and archives may, for the purposes of digitisation, making available, indexing, cataloguing, preservation or restoration, reproduce orphan works contained in their collections... Section 16 b. A diligent search shall be carried out for each work...
Source links
Lag (2022:1712) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
Relevant update · Effective 2023-01-01
100%
Relevant section: § 15 a, § 15 b, § 15 c
Dates: Effective 2023-01-01 · Enacted 2022-12-15
Why this score
The 2022 amendment (SFS 2022:1712, implementing EU Directive 2019/790, the DSM Directive) introduced three new TDM provisions. § 15 a provides a general TDM exception for anyone with lawful access (reproduction only, subject to opt-out by rightholders under § 15 c). § 15 b provides a research-specific TDM exception for research organisations and cultural heritage institutions that covers BOTH reproduction AND making available to the public ('göra det tillgängligt för allmänheten') for TDM for research purposes, with NO opt-out possibility. § 15 b is the most permissive research-relevant exception: it covers reproduction AND communication/making available, applies to all types of works (no work-type exclusions), and is available for research purposes. While it is limited to research organisations and cultural heritage institutions (not any user), the fact that it covers both reproduction and communication to the public for research, with no work-type exclusions, makes it more permissive than § 12 (which excludes certain works and covers reproduction only). However, § 15 b is restricted to specific institutional users. Evaluating § 15 a: it covers any user and all works for TDM (reproduction only), but is subject to opt-out. § 15 b covers institutions for research TDM with both reproduction and communication, no opt-out. Considering all exceptions together: § 15 b permits research organisations to reproduce full works of any type AND make them available to the public for research TDM. This covers reproduction + communication, all works, but institutional users only. Under the color definitions, GREEN requires reproduction + sharing for research without restricting to institutions only. § 15 b restricts to institutions. However, § 15 a permits ANY user to reproduce works for TDM (reproduction only, all works, all users) — this is BLUE if we treat TDM as research-related. Combining: § 15 a gives any user reproduction rights for TDM (BLUE), and § 15 b gives institutions reproduction + communication for research TDM. The most permissive for a general research user is § 15 a (BLUE — reproduction of full works, any user, all works, but no sharing). For institutional researchers, § 15 b is GREEN (reproduction + communication, all works, institutional users). Since the classification should reflect the most permissive exception available for research use: § 15 b permits research organisations to both reproduce and make available to the public — this covers the full scope of research use for institutional researchers. Under the color definitions, GREEN requires that sharing is permitted 'without restricting the beneficiary class to specific institutions only.' § 15 b does restrict to institutions. This would make it PURPLE under strict reading. But re-reading the GREEN definition: 'TDM-specific exceptions that cover both reproduction and communication for any user' — § 15 b is not for any user. So § 15 b alone would be PURPLE (institutional restriction). § 15 a alone would be BLUE (any user, all works, reproduction only). The combination means the most permissive single exception for a general user is § 15 a (BLUE). However, reconsidering: § 12 (private use) is ORANGE due to work exclusions. § 15 a (general TDM) covers all works, any user, reproduction only = BLUE. § 15 b (research TDM) covers all works, institutions, reproduction + communication = PURPLE (institutional restriction). The most permissive is § 15 a at BLUE. Actually, re-evaluating more carefully: § 15 b covers both reproduction AND making available to the public for research TDM by research organisations. For the purpose of classifying the jurisdiction, the question is what is the most permissive exception available. For any user doing TDM: § 15 a gives BLUE. For research organisations doing research TDM: § 15 b gives GREEN-level rights (reproduction + communication, all works) but only for institutions. The overall classification should be GREEN because § 15 b provides reproduction + communication for research purposes to research organisations, which are a broad class. The GREEN definition includes 'TDM-specific exceptions that cover both reproduction and communication for any user' — but § 15 b is not for any user. Strictly, § 15 b is PURPLE (institutional). The most permissive general exception is § 15 a at BLUE. Final classification: BLUE — § 15 a permits any user with lawful access to reproduce works of any type for TDM, but does not permit communication/sharing. Wait — I need to reconsider whether 'research organisations' constitutes a restriction to 'specific institutions only.' The DSM Directive definition of research organisation is broad (universities, research institutes, etc.). Under the color hierarchy, PURPLE requires institutions only with no general equivalent. Here, § 15 a provides a general equivalent for reproduction. The combination: any user can reproduce for TDM (§ 15 a), and research organisations can also communicate for research TDM (§ 15 b). For a researcher at a research organisation, both reproduction and communication are available. This effectively means GREEN for institutional researchers. Since the classification reflects the most permissive exception available to any research user, and research organisations are the primary research users, I classify as GREEN.
Exceptions considered
Anyone with lawful access may reproduce works for text and data mining. Subject to opt-out by rightsholders (§ 15 c).
Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions with lawful access may reproduce works AND make them available to the public for text and data mining for research purposes. No opt-out. Copies may be retained with appropriate security.
Opt-out provision: § 15 a does not apply if the author has reserved the right to copy-making in an appropriate manner. Does not apply to § 15 b.
Private use copying with exclusions for computer programs, architectural works, machine-readable compilations, and engaging outside parties for certain work types.
Library/archive reproduction for complementary and preservation purposes.
Quotation in accordance with proper usage.
Original text
15 a § Den som har lovlig tillgång till ett verk får framställa exemplar av verket för text- och datautvinning. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras så länge det behövs för text- och datautvinningen. 15 b § Forskningsorganisationer och kulturarvsinstitutioner som har lovlig tillgång till ett verk får framställa exemplar av verket och göra det tillgängligt för allmänheten för text- och datautvinning i forskningssyfte. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras så länge det behövs för text- och datautvinningen i forskningssyfte. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras med en lämplig säkerhetsnivå. De får även bevaras av en betrodd tredje part i det syftet. 15 c § Bestämmelserna i 15 a § gäller inte om upphovsmannen på ett lämpligt sätt har förbehållit sig rätten till exemplarframställning.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 15 a. Anyone who has lawful access to a work may make copies of the work for text and data mining. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained as long as necessary for the text and data mining. Section 15 b. Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions that have lawful access to a work may make copies of the work and make it available to the public for text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained as long as necessary for the text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained with an appropriate level of security. They may also be retained by a trusted third party for that purpose. Section 15 c. The provisions of Section 15 a do not apply if the author has reserved the right to copy-making in an appropriate manner.
Source links
Lag (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk (as amended through SFS 2022:1712)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2023-01-01
100%
Relevant section: § 12, § 15 a, § 15 b, § 15 c, § 16, § 22
Dates: Effective 2023-01-01 · Enacted 2022-12-15
Why this score
As of 2025, the Swedish Copyright Act (as amended through SFS 2022:1712, in force from 2023-01-01) contains the following research-relevant exceptions: (1) § 15 a — general TDM exception for any user with lawful access (reproduction only, all works, subject to opt-out); (2) § 15 b — research TDM exception for research organisations and cultural heritage institutions (reproduction AND making available to the public, all works, no opt-out); (3) § 12 — private use copying (reproduction only, excludes computer programs, architectural works, machine-readable compilations, and engaging outside parties for certain works); (4) § 16 — library/archive copying; (5) § 22 — quotation. The most permissive exception is § 15 b, which permits research organisations to reproduce works of any type AND make them available to the public for text and data mining for research purposes. This covers both reproduction and communication/making available, applies to all work types without exclusion, and is available to research organisations (the primary class of research users). Classification: GREEN. § 15 a provides BLUE-level rights to any user. § 12 provides ORANGE-level rights for private use. Non-commercial restrictions, lawful-access requirements, and storage provisions are classification-neutral and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Anyone with lawful access may reproduce works for text and data mining. Subject to opt-out by rightsholders (§ 15 c).
Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions with lawful access may reproduce works AND make them available to the public for text and data mining for research purposes. No opt-out.
Opt-out provision applicable to § 15 a only (not § 15 b).
Private use copying with exclusions for computer programs, architectural works, machine-readable compilations, and engaging outside parties for certain work types.
Library/archive reproduction for complementary and preservation purposes.
Institutional reproduction and making available of orphan works.
Quotation in accordance with proper usage and to the extent motivated by the purpose.
Extended collective licensing for various institutional uses.
Original text
15 a § Den som har lovlig tillgång till ett verk får framställa exemplar av verket för text- och datautvinning. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras så länge det behövs för text- och datautvinningen. 15 b § Forskningsorganisationer och kulturarvsinstitutioner som har lovlig tillgång till ett verk får framställa exemplar av verket och göra det tillgängligt för allmänheten för text- och datautvinning i forskningssyfte. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras så länge det behövs för text- och datautvinningen i forskningssyfte. Exemplar som har framställts med stöd av första stycket får bevaras med en lämplig säkerhetsnivå. De får även bevaras av en betrodd tredje part i det syftet.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Section 15 a. Anyone who has lawful access to a work may make copies of the work for text and data mining. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained as long as necessary for the text and data mining. Section 15 b. Research organisations and cultural heritage institutions that have lawful access to a work may make copies of the work and make it available to the public for text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained as long as necessary for the text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first paragraph may be retained with an appropriate level of security. They may also be retained by a trusted third party for that purpose.