Selected year snapshot
For 1999, the active event in this file is قانون حماية حق المؤلف والحقوق المجاورة لسنة 1996 (Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act, 1996).
60%
Current rationale
Article 14 contains multiple exceptions relevant to research. The most permissive for research purposes is Article 14(a), which permits reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for 'purely personal use' (الاستعمال الشخصي البحت). This covers full works and all types of works, and covers multiple exclusive rights (reproduction, translation, adaptation), but is restricted to 'purely personal use' — i.e., individual/private use only. It does not authorize sharing, communication, or distribution. Article 14(d) provides a library exception for research/study but is limited to a single copy or short excerpts, and restricted to non-commercial libraries — this is more restrictive (would be PURPLE/RED on its own). Article 14(b) is a quotation exception limited to passages (RED). Article 14(c) is an educational exception limited to articles or short works (ORANGE on its own). The most permissive exception is 14(a): it covers full works, all work types, multiple exclusive rights (reproduction, translation, adaptation), but is restricted to purely personal use and does not cover sharing. The 'purely personal' qualifier restricts the user class to individuals acting privately. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction and copy-limit factors were not used in classification.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for purely personal use
Quotation of passages from a work in another work, consistent with custom and justified by purpose, with attribution
Reproduction of any article or short published work, broadcasting or making available, for teaching or examination purposes, with attribution
Reproduction by non-commercial libraries and documentation centres of a single copy or short excerpts from a published work, to fulfil a request of a natural person for study or research purposes, as an isolated occurrence
Law changes
Copyright Protection Act, 1974 (Act No. 49)
Baseline · Effective 1974-01-01
?
Relevant section: Sections 6, 8
Dates: Effective 1974-01-01 · Enacted 1974-01-01
Why this score
The Copyright Protection Act 1974 (Act No. 49) was the law in force on 1990-01-01. The full statutory text of the exceptions and limitations provisions (particularly the restrictions on copyright / permitted uses) could not be retrieved via web search. The Mondaq source reproduces parts of the 1974 Act (preliminary provisions, definitions, scope of protection) but does not include the full text of the exceptions provisions. Section 6 defines copyright and Section 8 addresses restrictions on copyright, but the actual text of Section 8 (which would contain any fair dealing, private use, or research exceptions) was not accessible. Without the verbatim text of the exceptions, a reliable color classification cannot be made. The law was repealed and replaced by the 1996 Act.
Source links
قانون حماية حق المؤلف والحقوق المجاورة لسنة 1996 (Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act, 1996)
Relevant update · Effective 1996-01-01
60%
Relevant section: المادة 14 (Article 14)
Dates: Effective 1996-01-01 · Enacted 1996-01-01
Why this score
Article 14 contains multiple exceptions relevant to research. The most permissive for research purposes is Article 14(a), which permits reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for 'purely personal use' (الاستعمال الشخصي البحت). This covers full works and all types of works, and covers multiple exclusive rights (reproduction, translation, adaptation), but is restricted to 'purely personal use' — i.e., individual/private use only. It does not authorize sharing, communication, or distribution. Article 14(d) provides a library exception for research/study but is limited to a single copy or short excerpts, and restricted to non-commercial libraries — this is more restrictive (would be PURPLE/RED on its own). Article 14(b) is a quotation exception limited to passages (RED). Article 14(c) is an educational exception limited to articles or short works (ORANGE on its own). The most permissive exception is 14(a): it covers full works, all work types, multiple exclusive rights (reproduction, translation, adaptation), but is restricted to purely personal use and does not cover sharing. The 'purely personal' qualifier restricts the user class to individuals acting privately. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction and copy-limit factors were not used in classification.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for purely personal use
Quotation of passages from a work in another work, consistent with custom and justified by purpose, with attribution
Reproduction of any article or short published work, broadcasting or making available, for teaching or examination purposes, with attribution
Reproduction by non-commercial libraries and documentation centres of a single copy or short excerpts from a published work, to fulfil a request of a natural person for study or research purposes, as an isolated occurrence
Original text
المادة (14)- القيود على حق المؤلف: لا يجوز لمالك حق المؤلف أن يمنع الغير من القيام بالأعمال الآتية: (أ) استنساخ أو ترجمة أو اقتباس أو تحوير أو تعديل أو تلخيص المصنف وذلك للاستعمال الشخصي البحت. (ب) الاستشهاد بفقرات من المصنف في مصنف آخر بشرط أن يكون ذلك متفقاً مع العرف وبالقدر الذي يبرره الغرض المنشود وأن يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف في المصنف الذي يرد فيه الاستشهاد. (ج) استنساخ أي مقال أو مصنف قصير منشور أو بثه أو إتاحته للجمهور بقصد التعليم أو لأغراض الامتحانات بشرط أن يكون ذلك متفقاً مع العرف وأن يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف. (د) استنساخ المصنف بواسطة المكتبات ومراكز التوثيق غير التجارية بشرط أن يقتصر الاستنساخ على نسخة واحدة أو مقتطفات قصيرة من مصنف منشور وأن يكون ذلك لتلبية طلب شخص طبيعي لأغراض الدراسة أو البحث وأن يكون الاستنساخ حادثاً منفرداً أو يحدث في مناسبات منفصلة ومتباعدة.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 14 – Restrictions on Copyright: The owner of copyright may not prevent others from carrying out the following acts: (a) Reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of the work for purely personal use. (b) Quotation of passages from a work in another work, provided this is consistent with custom and to the extent justified by the purpose, and that the source and the author's name are mentioned in the work in which the quotation appears. (c) Reproduction of any article or short published work, or its broadcasting or making available to the public, for the purpose of teaching or for examination purposes, provided this is consistent with custom and the source and author's name are mentioned. (d) Reproduction of a work by non-commercial libraries and documentation centres, provided that reproduction is limited to a single copy or short excerpts from a published work, and that it is to fulfil a request of a natural person for purposes of study or research, and that the reproduction is an isolated occurrence or occurs on separate and distant occasions.
Source links
قانون حماية حق المؤلف والحقوق المجاورة لسنة 1996 (Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act, 1996)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
60%
Relevant section: المادة 14 (Article 14)
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 1996 remains in force in Sudan. No amending legislation affecting the exceptions and limitations in Article 14 was found via web search. WIPO Lex lists only the 1996 Act for Sudan's copyright law. The most permissive exception for research remains Article 14(a): reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for purely personal use. This covers full works of all types and multiple exclusive rights (reproduction, translation, adaptation), but is restricted to 'purely personal use' (الاستعمال الشخصي البحت), limiting the beneficiary to individuals acting privately. It does not authorize sharing, communication, or distribution. There is no general fair dealing, fair use, or open research exception. There is no TDM exception. Article 14(d) provides a library/documentation centre exception for study or research but is limited to a single copy or short excerpts and restricted to non-commercial institutions. The classification is LIGHT BLUE based on Article 14(a) as the most permissive provision. Non-commercial restrictions and copy limits were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of a work for purely personal use
Quotation of passages from a work in another work, consistent with custom and justified by purpose, with attribution
Reproduction of any article or short published work, broadcasting or making available, for teaching or examination purposes, with attribution
Reproduction by non-commercial libraries and documentation centres of a single copy or short excerpts from a published work, to fulfil a request of a natural person for study or research purposes, as an isolated occurrence
Original text
المادة (14)- القيود على حق المؤلف: لا يجوز لمالك حق المؤلف أن يمنع الغير من القيام بالأعمال الآتية: (أ) استنساخ أو ترجمة أو اقتباس أو تحوير أو تعديل أو تلخيص المصنف وذلك للاستعمال الشخصي البحت. (ب) الاستشهاد بفقرات من المصنف في مصنف آخر بشرط أن يكون ذلك متفقاً مع العرف وبالقدر الذي يبرره الغرض المنشود وأن يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف في المصنف الذي يرد فيه الاستشهاد. (ج) استنساخ أي مقال أو مصنف قصير منشور أو بثه أو إتاحته للجمهور بقصد التعليم أو لأغراض الامتحانات بشرط أن يكون ذلك متفقاً مع العرف وأن يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف. (د) استنساخ المصنف بواسطة المكتبات ومراكز التوثيق غير التجارية بشرط أن يقتصر الاستنساخ على نسخة واحدة أو مقتطفات قصيرة من مصنف منشور وأن يكون ذلك لتلبية طلب شخص طبيعي لأغراض الدراسة أو البحث وأن يكون الاستنساخ حادثاً منفرداً أو يحدث في مناسبات منفصلة ومتباعدة.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 14 – Restrictions on Copyright: The owner of copyright may not prevent others from carrying out the following acts: (a) Reproduction, translation, adaptation, modification, alteration, or summarization of the work for purely personal use. (b) Quotation of passages from a work in another work, provided this is consistent with custom and to the extent justified by the purpose, and that the source and the author's name are mentioned in the work in which the quotation appears. (c) Reproduction of any article or short published work, or its broadcasting or making available to the public, for the purpose of teaching or for examination purposes, provided this is consistent with custom and the source and author's name are mentioned. (d) Reproduction of a work by non-commercial libraries and documentation centres, provided that reproduction is limited to a single copy or short excerpts from a published work, and that it is to fulfil a request of a natural person for purposes of study or research, and that the reproduction is an isolated occurrence or occurs on separate and distant occasions.