Selected year snapshot
For 2024, the active event in this file is Федеральный закон от 12.03.2014 № 35-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в части первую, вторую и четвёртую Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации».
60%
Current rationale
Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 12, 2014 introduced significant amendments to Part IV of the Civil Code, effective October 1, 2014. Key changes relevant to research: (1) Article 1273 was amended to add a condition that personal reproduction must not have as its main purpose the extraction of profit (не должно иметь своей основной целью извлечение прибыли) — this is classification-neutral per the rules. The list of excluded works remained essentially the same. (2) Article 1274 was expanded with new sub-paragraphs, including provisions on use of works in educational contexts and for persons with disabilities, but the quotation provision (para 1(1)) remained substantively the same. (3) Article 1275 on library/archive reproduction was significantly expanded — libraries were given broader rights to create digital copies for preservation and to provide access on dedicated terminals on premises. However, the on-premises terminal access is insufficient for research use per the classification rules. The most permissive exception for a researcher remains Art. 1273 (personal reproduction). Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Free reproduction by a citizen exclusively for personal purposes of a lawfully disclosed work, with same category exclusions; added condition that reproduction must not have profit extraction as main purpose
Quotation for scientific, polemical, critical, informational, educational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose
Use of works and excerpts as illustrations in educational materials to the extent justified by the purpose
Expanded library/archive reproduction rights: single copies for users, digital copies for preservation, on-premises terminal access to digitized works
Law changes
Гражданский кодекс РСФСР 1964 года (Раздел IV — Авторское право)
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Статьи 492–493
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1964-06-11
Why this score
The copyright law in force in the Russian SFSR (and thus the Russian Federation) on 1990-01-01 was the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1964, Section IV on Copyright (Articles 475–516). Article 492 permitted use of a published work without the author's consent and without payment of remuneration for personal use (личное пользование), and Article 493 permitted reproduction of lawfully published works by libraries for replacement of lost copies and for readers' requests. The personal use exception (Art. 492) covered reproduction of full works but was limited to personal/private purposes, not institutional or sharing. The library exception (Art. 493) was institutional. The most permissive general exception for a researcher was the personal use provision, which covers reproduction of full works by individuals but does not extend to sharing or institutional use. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. I was unable to retrieve the full verbatim text of the 1964 RSFSR Civil Code via web search to provide exact quotations, so the excerpt fields are left empty.
Exceptions considered
Use of a published work without consent and without remuneration for personal use (личное пользование), covering reproduction of full works for personal purposes
Reproduction by libraries of lawfully published works for replacement of lost copies and for readers' requests
Quotation from published works for scientific, critical, informational purposes within limits justified by the purpose
Закон Российской Федерации «Об авторском праве и смежных правах» № 5351-I от 09.07.1993
Relevant update · Effective 1993-08-03
60%
Relevant section: Статьи 18, 19, 20
Dates: Effective 1993-08-03 · Enacted 1993-07-09
Why this score
The 1993 Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights replaced the 1964 Civil Code copyright provisions. Article 18 permits reproduction of a lawfully disclosed work exclusively for personal purposes (в личных целях) — this covers full works, all types of works (with exceptions listed in Art. 18 para 2 for architectural works, databases, computer programs, and reprographic reproduction of books/musical texts in full), and any individual user, but is limited to personal use and reproduction only (no sharing). Article 19(1) permits quotation for scientific/research purposes but only to the extent justified by the purpose — this is a quotation right, not full-work reproduction. Article 20 permits reproduction by libraries and archives for replacement and for users' requests. The most permissive exception for a researcher is Article 18 (personal reproduction of full works). However, Art. 18 para 2 excludes: reproduction of architectural works as buildings; reproduction of databases or substantial parts thereof; reproduction of computer programs (except as in Art. 25); reprographic reproduction of books in full and musical texts. These work-type exclusions mean the personal use exception does not cover ALL works — but it does permit full-work reproduction for most categories (literary works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, etc.). The exclusion of 'books in full' from reprographic reproduction and of computer programs/databases is a work-type restriction. However, 'reprographic reproduction of books in full' is a specific carve-out for reprographic (photocopying) reproduction — digital reproduction of books for personal use may still be permitted. Given the ambiguity, the most conservative reading is that Art. 18 permits full-work reproduction for personal purposes for most work types but excludes certain categories from reprographic reproduction. This maps to LIGHT BLUE (personal use, reproduction only, most works). The work-type exclusions are narrow enough that the primary classification remains LIGHT BLUE rather than ORANGE, as full-work reproduction is still available for most work types through non-reprographic means. Non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of a lawfully disclosed work exclusively for personal purposes, with exceptions for architectural works as buildings, databases, computer programs, and reprographic reproduction of books in full and musical texts
Quotation in original and translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose
Use of lawfully disclosed works and excerpts as illustrations in educational publications, broadcasts, recordings to the extent justified by the purpose
Reproduction by libraries and archives of lawfully published works for replacement of lost copies and for fulfilling requests of individuals for educational and research purposes (single copy of articles and short works)
Original text
Статья 18. Воспроизведение произведения в личных целях без согласия автора и без выплаты авторского вознаграждения Допускается без согласия автора и без выплаты авторского вознаграждения воспроизведение правомерно обнародованного произведения исключительно в личных целях, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных статьей 26 настоящего Закона. Статья 19. Использование произведения без согласия автора и без выплаты авторского вознаграждения Допускается без согласия автора и без выплаты авторского вознаграждения, но с обязательным указанием имени автора, произведение которого используется, и источника заимствования: 1) цитирование в оригинале и в переводе в научных, исследовательских, полемических, критических и информационных целях из правомерно обнародованных произведений в объеме, оправданном целью цитирования; 2) использование правомерно обнародованных произведений и отрывков из них в качестве иллюстраций в изданиях, в радио- и телепередачах, звуко- и видеозаписях учебного характера в объеме, оправданном поставленной целью;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 18. Reproduction of a work for personal purposes without the consent of the author and without payment of remuneration. Reproduction of a lawfully disclosed work exclusively for personal purposes shall be permitted without the consent of the author and without payment of author's remuneration, except in the cases provided for in Article 26 of this Law. Article 19. Use of a work without the consent of the author and without payment of remuneration. The following shall be permitted without the consent of the author and without payment of author's remuneration, but with obligatory indication of the name of the author whose work is used and the source of borrowing: 1) quotation in the original and in translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes from lawfully disclosed works to the extent justified by the purpose of the quotation; 2) use of lawfully disclosed works and excerpts therefrom as illustrations in publications, radio and television broadcasts, sound and video recordings of an educational nature to the extent justified by the purpose;
Source links
Федеральный закон от 20.07.2004 № 72-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Закон Российской Федерации «Об авторском праве и смежных правах»
Relevant update · Effective 2004-09-28
60%
Relevant section: Статья 18 (новая редакция)
Dates: Effective 2004-09-28 · Enacted 2004-07-20
Why this score
Federal Law No. 72-FZ of July 20, 2004 amended the 1993 Copyright Law. The amendments modified Article 18 to clarify the scope of personal use reproduction and updated other provisions. The core structure of exceptions remained: Art. 18 (personal reproduction), Art. 19 (quotation and educational use), Art. 20 (library reproduction). The personal use exception in Art. 18 continued to permit reproduction of lawfully disclosed works for personal purposes with the same category exclusions (architectural works, databases, computer programs, reprographic reproduction of books in full and musical texts). The classification remains LIGHT BLUE — personal use reproduction of full works (most types) by individuals, no sharing permitted.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of a lawfully disclosed work exclusively for personal purposes, with same category exclusions as before
Quotation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose
Reproduction by libraries and archives for replacement and for users' requests (single copy of articles and short works)
Source links
Часть четвёртая Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации (Федеральный закон от 18.12.2006 № 230-ФЗ)
Relevant update · Effective 2008-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Статьи 1273, 1274, 1275
Dates: Effective 2008-01-01 · Enacted 2006-12-18
Why this score
Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation replaced the 1993 Copyright Law effective January 1, 2008. The key research-relevant exceptions are: (1) Article 1273 — free reproduction for personal purposes by a citizen (гражданин), covering full works but excluding architectural works as buildings, databases, computer programs, reprographic reproduction of books in full and musical texts, and certain audiovisual reproductions. This is a personal use exception — limited to individuals ('citizen'), reproduction only, no sharing. (2) Article 1274(1)(1) — quotation for scientific, educational, critical, informational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose — this is a quotation right limited to excerpts. (3) Article 1274(1)(2) — use of works and excerpts as illustrations in educational materials. (4) Article 1275 — reproduction by libraries and archives: single copies of articles and short works for users' educational and research purposes; replacement copies. The most permissive exception for a researcher remains Art. 1273 (personal reproduction of full works). It covers reproduction of full works of most types by any individual for personal purposes. The exclusions (architecture, databases, programs, reprographic reproduction of full books/musical texts) are work-type restrictions but do not eliminate full-work reproduction for most categories. Classification: LIGHT BLUE — personal use, reproduction only, most works covered. The work-type exclusions are specific enough that the primary character remains personal-use reproduction rather than a work-restricted exception (ORANGE).
Exceptions considered
Free reproduction by a citizen exclusively for personal purposes of a lawfully disclosed work, with exceptions for architectural works, databases, computer programs, reprographic reproduction of full books and musical texts, and certain audiovisual reproductions
Quotation in original and translation for scientific, polemical, critical, informational, educational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose
Use of works and excerpts as illustrations in educational publications, broadcasts, recordings to the extent justified by the purpose
Reproduction by libraries and archives: single copies of individual articles and short works for educational and research purposes of users; replacement copies of lost/damaged works
Original text
Статья 1273. Свободное воспроизведение произведения в личных целях 1. Допускается без согласия автора или иного правообладателя и без выплаты вознаграждения воспроизведение гражданином при необходимости и исключительно в личных целях правомерно обнародованного произведения, за исключением: 1) воспроизведения произведений архитектуры в форме зданий и аналогичных сооружений; 2) воспроизведения баз данных или их существенных частей; 3) воспроизведения программ для ЭВМ, кроме случаев, предусмотренных статьей 1280 настоящего Кодекса; 4) репродуцирования (пункт 2 статьи 1275) книг (полностью) и нотных текстов; 5) видеозаписи аудиовизуального произведения при его публичном исполнении в месте, открытом для свободного посещения, или в месте, где присутствует значительное число лиц, не принадлежащих к обычному кругу семьи; 6) воспроизведения аудиовизуального произведения с помощью профессионального оборудования, не предназначенного для использования в домашних условиях. Статья 1274. Свободное использование произведения в информационных, научных, учебных или культурных целях 1. Допускается без согласия автора или иного правообладателя и без выплаты вознаграждения, но с обязательным указанием имени автора, произведение которого используется, и источника заимствования: 1) цитирование в оригинале и в переводе в научных, полемических, критических, информационных, учебных целях, в целях раскрытия творческого замысла автора правомерно обнародованных произведений в объеме, оправданном целью цитирования, включая воспроизведение отрывков из газетных и журнальных статей в форме обзоров печати; 2) использование правомерно обнародованных произведений и отрывков из них в качестве иллюстраций в изданиях, радио- и телепередачах, звуко- и видеозаписях учебного характера в объеме, оправданном поставленной целью;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 1273. Free reproduction of a work for personal purposes 1. Reproduction by a citizen, where necessary and exclusively for personal purposes, of a lawfully disclosed work shall be permitted without the consent of the author or other right holder and without payment of remuneration, with the exception of: 1) reproduction of works of architecture in the form of buildings and similar structures; 2) reproduction of databases or substantial parts thereof; 3) reproduction of computer programs, except in cases provided for in Article 1280 of this Code; 4) reprographic reproduction (paragraph 2 of Article 1275) of books (in full) and musical texts; 5) video recording of an audiovisual work during its public performance in a place open to free attendance or in a place where a significant number of persons not belonging to the usual family circle are present; 6) reproduction of an audiovisual work using professional equipment not intended for home use. Article 1274. Free use of a work for informational, scientific, educational or cultural purposes 1. The following shall be permitted without the consent of the author or other right holder and without payment of remuneration, but with obligatory indication of the name of the author whose work is used and the source of borrowing: 1) quotation in the original and in translation for scientific, polemical, critical, informational, educational purposes, for the purpose of revealing the creative concept of the author, of lawfully disclosed works to the extent justified by the purpose of the quotation, including reproduction of excerpts from newspaper and magazine articles in the form of press reviews; 2) use of lawfully disclosed works and excerpts therefrom as illustrations in publications, radio and television broadcasts, sound and video recordings of an educational nature to the extent justified by the purpose;
Source links
Федеральный закон от 12.03.2014 № 35-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в части первую, вторую и четвёртую Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации»
Relevant update · Effective 2014-10-01
60%
Relevant section: Статьи 1273, 1274, 1275 (новая редакция)
Dates: Effective 2014-10-01 · Enacted 2014-03-12
Why this score
Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 12, 2014 introduced significant amendments to Part IV of the Civil Code, effective October 1, 2014. Key changes relevant to research: (1) Article 1273 was amended to add a condition that personal reproduction must not have as its main purpose the extraction of profit (не должно иметь своей основной целью извлечение прибыли) — this is classification-neutral per the rules. The list of excluded works remained essentially the same. (2) Article 1274 was expanded with new sub-paragraphs, including provisions on use of works in educational contexts and for persons with disabilities, but the quotation provision (para 1(1)) remained substantively the same. (3) Article 1275 on library/archive reproduction was significantly expanded — libraries were given broader rights to create digital copies for preservation and to provide access on dedicated terminals on premises. However, the on-premises terminal access is insufficient for research use per the classification rules. The most permissive exception for a researcher remains Art. 1273 (personal reproduction). Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Free reproduction by a citizen exclusively for personal purposes of a lawfully disclosed work, with same category exclusions; added condition that reproduction must not have profit extraction as main purpose
Quotation for scientific, polemical, critical, informational, educational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose
Use of works and excerpts as illustrations in educational materials to the extent justified by the purpose
Expanded library/archive reproduction rights: single copies for users, digital copies for preservation, on-premises terminal access to digitized works
Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации, Часть четвёртая (в действующей редакции 2025 г.)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Статьи 1273, 1274, 1275
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Russian Federation's copyright exceptions relevant to research are contained in Part IV of the Civil Code (as amended). The key provisions are: (1) Article 1273 — personal reproduction of lawfully disclosed works by a citizen for personal purposes, excluding architectural works as buildings, databases, computer programs, reprographic reproduction of full books and musical texts, and certain audiovisual reproductions. This permits full-work reproduction for most work types but is limited to individuals acting for personal purposes and covers reproduction only (no sharing/communication). (2) Article 1274(1)(1) — quotation for scientific, educational, critical, informational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose — limited to excerpts/quotations, not full works. (3) Article 1274(1)(2) — use of works and excerpts as illustrations in educational materials. (4) Article 1275 — library and archive reproduction: single copies of articles and short works for users' educational and research purposes; digital preservation copies; on-premises terminal access. Russia has no TDM-specific exception and no general fair use or fair dealing clause. The most permissive exception for a researcher is Art. 1273 (personal reproduction). Uses: reproduction only (no sharing). Works: most types, with specific exclusions. Users: individuals only ('citizen' for personal purposes). This maps to LIGHT BLUE. The non-commercial/non-profit condition added in 2014 is classification-neutral. The work-type exclusions in Art. 1273 are specific carve-outs rather than a general work-type restriction, so the primary classification remains LIGHT BLUE rather than ORANGE — full-work reproduction is available for the majority of work types (literary works, audiovisual works via non-professional equipment, musical works other than scores via reprography, etc.).
Exceptions considered
Free reproduction by a citizen exclusively for personal purposes of a lawfully disclosed work, with exceptions for architectural works as buildings, databases, computer programs, reprographic reproduction of full books and musical texts, and certain audiovisual reproductions
Quotation in original and translation for scientific, polemical, critical, informational, educational purposes to the extent justified by the purpose of the quotation
Use of lawfully disclosed works and excerpts as illustrations in educational publications, broadcasts, recordings to the extent justified by the purpose
Library and archive reproduction: single copies of individual articles and short works for educational and research purposes of users; digital preservation copies; on-premises terminal access to digitized works
Original text
Статья 1273. Свободное воспроизведение произведения в личных целях 1. Допускается без согласия автора или иного правообладателя и без выплаты вознаграждения воспроизведение гражданином при необходимости и исключительно в личных целях правомерно обнародованного произведения, за исключением: 1) воспроизведения произведений архитектуры в форме зданий и аналогичных сооружений; 2) воспроизведения баз данных или их существенных частей; 3) воспроизведения программ для ЭВМ, кроме случаев, предусмотренных статьей 1280 настоящего Кодекса; 4) репродуцирования (пункт 2 статьи 1275) книг (полностью) и нотных текстов; 5) видеозаписи аудиовизуального произведения при его публичном исполнении в месте, открытом для свободного посещения, или в месте, где присутствует значительное число лиц, не принадлежащих к обычному кругу семьи; 6) воспроизведения аудиовизуального произведения с помощью профессионального оборудования, не предназначенного для использования в домашних условиях.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 1273. Free reproduction of a work for personal purposes 1. Reproduction by a citizen, where necessary and exclusively for personal purposes, of a lawfully disclosed work shall be permitted without the consent of the author or other right holder and without payment of remuneration, with the exception of: 1) reproduction of works of architecture in the form of buildings and similar structures; 2) reproduction of databases or substantial parts thereof; 3) reproduction of computer programs, except in cases provided for in Article 1280 of this Code; 4) reprographic reproduction (paragraph 2 of Article 1275) of books (in full) and musical texts; 5) video recording of an audiovisual work during its public performance in a place open to free attendance or in a place where a significant number of persons not belonging to the usual family circle are present; 6) reproduction of an audiovisual work using professional equipment not intended for home use.