Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Ley Nº 94/51 - De los Derechos de Autor sobre Obras Literarias, Científicas y Artísticas.
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Current rationale
Paraguay's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was Ley Nº 94 of 1951 (Ley de los Derechos de Autor sobre Obras Literarias, Científicas y Artísticas). Despite extensive web searching, the full statutory text of this law could not be located or verified online. No digitized version was found on the Paraguayan official legal database (BACN), WIPO Lex, or other official sources. Without access to the actual text of the exceptions and limitations provisions, it is impossible to classify the status color with confidence. The law was known to contain limited exceptions typical of mid-20th century Latin American copyright laws (quotation rights, educational uses), but the precise scope of any research or private use exception cannot be verified from the statutory text.
Law changes
Ley Nº 94/51 - De los Derechos de Autor sobre Obras Literarias, Científicas y Artísticas
Baseline · Effective 1951-01-01
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Dates: Effective 1951-01-01 · Enacted 1951-01-01
Why this score
Paraguay's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was Ley Nº 94 of 1951 (Ley de los Derechos de Autor sobre Obras Literarias, Científicas y Artísticas). Despite extensive web searching, the full statutory text of this law could not be located or verified online. No digitized version was found on the Paraguayan official legal database (BACN), WIPO Lex, or other official sources. Without access to the actual text of the exceptions and limitations provisions, it is impossible to classify the status color with confidence. The law was known to contain limited exceptions typical of mid-20th century Latin American copyright laws (quotation rights, educational uses), but the precise scope of any research or private use exception cannot be verified from the statutory text.
Ley Nº 1.328/98 - De Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos
Relevant update · Effective 1998-10-20
60%
Relevant section: Artículos 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Dates: Effective 1998-10-20 · Enacted 1998-10-15
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception is Article 39, which permits reproduction of a literary or scientific work in a single copy for private use without profit. This covers full works (literary or scientific) and any user acting privately, but is limited to reproduction only (no sharing/communication) and restricted to private/personal use. Article 38(b) permits reprographic reproduction for teaching/exams but only of articles or short extracts, not full works, and is limited to educational institutions. Article 40 is a library/archive exception limited to preservation and replacement, not research copying. Article 38(a) is a quotation exception limited to excerpts. There is no general fair use, fair dealing, or three-step-test enabling clause in the law. There is no TDM exception. The most permissive exception for research is Art. 39 (private use, single copy, literary/scientific works, reproduction only) = LIGHT BLUE. The restriction to 'private use' limits the beneficiary to individuals acting privately. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Quotation of texts from published works in books, newspapers, magazines, with attribution, in accordance with fair practice and justified by purpose
Reprographic reproduction for teaching or exams in educational institutions of articles from periodicals or short extracts of published works, non-commercial, fair practice
Reproduction of a literary or scientific work in a single copy for private use without profit; reproduction of art work for private use of copier
Reproduction by non-profit library or archive for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies in permanent collection
Reproduction for judicial or administrative proceedings, justified by purpose
Original text
Artículo 38.- Es permitido realizar, sin autorización del autor y sin remuneración, los siguientes actos: a) citar en libros, diarios, revistas u otros medios de comunicación social, textos de obras publicadas, siempre que se indique la fuente y el nombre del autor, y a condición de que tales citas se hagan conforme a los usos honrados y en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga; b) reproducir por medios reprográficos para la enseñanza o para la realización de exámenes en instituciones educativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga, artículos lícitamente publicados en periódicos o colecciones periódicas, o breves extractos de obras lícitamente publicadas, siempre que tal utilización se haga conforme a los usos honrados y que la misma no sea objeto de venta u otra transacción a título oneroso, ni tenga directa o indirectamente fines de lucro; Artículo 39.- Es lícita la reproducción, por cualquier medio, de una obra literaria o científica, ordenada y obtenida por el interesado en un solo ejemplar para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro. La reproducción de una obra de arte no deberá emplearse con un fin distinto del uso privado del copista. Artículo 40.- Es permitida la reproducción individual de una obra por una biblioteca o archivo cuyas actividades no tengan directa o indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando el ejemplar respectivo se encuentre en la colección permanente de la biblioteca o archivo, y dicha reproducción se realice con los siguientes fines: a) preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravío, destrucción o inutilización; o, b) sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, un ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado. Artículo 42.- Es lícita la reproducción de una obra para actuaciones judiciales o administrativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 38.- It is permitted to carry out, without the author's authorization and without remuneration, the following acts: a) to quote in books, newspapers, magazines or other media, texts of published works, provided that the source and the author's name are indicated, and on condition that such quotations are made in accordance with fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose pursued; b) to reproduce by reprographic means for teaching or for the conduct of examinations in educational institutions, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued, articles lawfully published in newspapers or periodical collections, or short extracts of lawfully published works, provided that such use is made in accordance with fair practice and that it is not the object of sale or other transaction for consideration, nor has directly or indirectly profit-making purposes; Article 39.- The reproduction, by any means, of a literary or scientific work, ordered and obtained by the interested party in a single copy for private use and without profit-making purposes, is lawful. The reproduction of a work of art shall not be used for a purpose other than the private use of the copier. Article 40.- The individual reproduction of a work by a library or archive whose activities do not directly or indirectly have profit-making purposes is permitted, when the respective copy is in the permanent collection of the library or archive, and such reproduction is carried out for the following purposes: a) to preserve the copy and replace it in case of loss, destruction or uselessness; or, b) to replace, in the permanent collection of another library or archive, a copy that has been lost, destroyed or rendered useless. Article 42.- The reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings is lawful, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued.
Source links
Ley Nº 1.328/98 - De Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos (as amended by Ley Nº 5.247/2014)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-03-08
60%
Relevant section: Artículos 38, 39, 40, 42
Dates: Effective 2025-03-08
Why this score
As of 2025, the exceptions and limitations relevant to research in Paraguay's copyright law (Ley 1.328/98) remain unchanged from 1998. Ley 5.247/2014 only modified Articles 126 and 130 regarding the duration of performers' and phonogram producers' rights (extending them to 70 years), and did not affect any exception or limitation provision. No TDM exception has been introduced. No fair use or fair dealing clause exists. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article 39 (private use reproduction of literary or scientific works, single copy, no profit). This covers full works of literary/scientific nature, any individual user acting privately, but only reproduction (not sharing/communication). Classification: LIGHT BLUE. Uses: reproduction only (no sharing). Works: literary and scientific works (full works permitted). Users: any individual for private use. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral. Art. 38(a) (quotation) and Art. 38(b) (educational reprography of short extracts) are less permissive. Art. 40 (library preservation) does not cover research copying.
Exceptions considered
Quotation of texts from published works with attribution, fair practice, justified by purpose
Reprographic reproduction for teaching/exams in educational institutions of articles or short extracts, non-commercial
Reproduction of literary or scientific work in single copy for private use without profit; art works for private use of copier only
Reproduction by non-profit library/archive for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies
Reproduction for judicial or administrative proceedings, justified by purpose
Original text
Artículo 39.- Es lícita la reproducción, por cualquier medio, de una obra literaria o científica, ordenada y obtenida por el interesado en un solo ejemplar para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro. La reproducción de una obra de arte no deberá emplearse con un fin distinto del uso privado del copista.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 39.- The reproduction, by any means, of a literary or scientific work, ordered and obtained by the interested party in a single copy for private use and without profit-making purposes, is lawful. The reproduction of a work of art shall not be used for a purpose other than the private use of the copier.