Selected year snapshot
For 1999, the active event in this file is Lov 2. juni 1995 nr. 27 om endringer i åndsverkloven m.m..
60%
Current rationale
The 1995 amendments made adjustments to the private copying provision (§ 12) and library provisions (§ 16), including clarifications regarding digital copying and extended collective licensing for educational and institutional use. The fundamental structure remained: private use copying under § 12 was the most permissive research-relevant exception, still limited to 'privat bruk' and not authorizing sharing or institutional use. No fair dealing or general research exception was introduced. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes. Restrictions on having others copy certain categories unless purely personal use.
Quotation right: quotation from published work in accordance with proper usage.
Library and archive copying provisions, adjusted for digital environment.
Law changes
Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk m.v. (åndsverkloven) av 12. mai 1961 nr. 2
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: § 12, § 11
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1961-05-12
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception in the 1961 Act as in force on 1990-01-01 is § 12 (private use copying). It permits making single copies of published works for private use when not done for commercial purposes. This covers reproduction of full works for private study and research by individuals. However, it is limited to 'privat bruk' (private use), meaning it does not extend to institutional or collaborative use, and does not authorize sharing/communication/distribution. The restriction to 'private use' means this is LIGHT BLUE. § 11 provides a general proportionality clause (three-step test language: use must not conflict with normal exploitation and must not unreasonably prejudice the author), but this operates as a limitation on exceptions, not as an independent enabling clause. There is no general fair dealing or fair use clause. The quotation right (§ 22) permits quotation in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required by the purpose, but this is limited to excerpts/quotations, not full works. Library exceptions (§ 16) permitted certain institutional copying but were narrow. The non-commercial restriction and copy-number limits are classification-neutral factors. The restriction on having others make copies of certain categories (musical works, films, computer programs, databases, etc.) is notable but the individual can still personally copy these for purely personal use. The key classification driver is the 'private use' qualifier limiting the user class.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works may be made for private use, not for commercial purposes. Restrictions on having others copy certain work categories unless for purely personal use.
Quotation right: quotation from a published work in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required by the purpose.
Library and archive copying: permits certain institutional reproduction for preservation and lending purposes.
General limitation clause: exceptions must not conflict with normal exploitation or unreasonably prejudice the author. Operates as a constraint on exceptions, not an independent enabling clause.
Educational use: reproduction for use in educational activities under extended collective license agreements.
Original text
§ 12. Når det ikke skjer i ervervsøyemed, kan enkelte eksemplar av et offentliggjort verk fremstilles til privat bruk. Slike eksemplar må ikke utnyttes i annet øyemed. Bestemmelsen i første ledd gir ikke rett til å la andre fremstille eksemplar av a) musikkverk, b) filmverk, c) skulptur, billedvev og gjenstander av kunsthåndverk og kunstindustri, d) kunstnerisk gjengivelse av andre kunstverk, e) edb-program, f) maskinlesbar gjengivelse av datasamling (database), med mindre fremstillingen av eksemplar skjer til rent personlig bruk.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: § 12. When it is not done for commercial purposes, single copies of a published work may be made for private use. Such copies must not be used for other purposes. The provision in the first paragraph does not give the right to have others make copies of a) musical works, b) cinematographic works, c) sculptures, tapestries and objects of applied art and industrial art, d) artistic reproductions of other works of art, e) computer programs, f) machine-readable reproductions of data compilations (databases), unless the making of copies is for purely personal use.
Source links
Lov 2. juni 1995 nr. 27 om endringer i åndsverkloven m.m.
Relevant update · Effective 1995-06-02
60%
Relevant section: § 12, § 16
Dates: Effective 1995-06-02 · Enacted 1995-06-02
Why this score
The 1995 amendments made adjustments to the private copying provision (§ 12) and library provisions (§ 16), including clarifications regarding digital copying and extended collective licensing for educational and institutional use. The fundamental structure remained: private use copying under § 12 was the most permissive research-relevant exception, still limited to 'privat bruk' and not authorizing sharing or institutional use. No fair dealing or general research exception was introduced. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes. Restrictions on having others copy certain categories unless purely personal use.
Quotation right: quotation from published work in accordance with proper usage.
Library and archive copying provisions, adjusted for digital environment.
Source links
Lov 17. juni 2005 nr. 97 om endringer i åndsverkloven m.m.
Relevant update · Effective 2005-07-01
60%
Relevant section: § 12, § 16, § 16a
Dates: Effective 2005-07-01 · Enacted 2005-06-17
Why this score
The 2005 amendments implemented the EU InfoSoc Directive (2001/29/EC) into Norwegian law (Norway being an EEA member). The private use exception in § 12 was revised but retained its core structure: single copies for private use, not for commercial purposes. The list of excluded categories was modified (architectural works, computer programs, databases). A new § 16a was introduced for library on-premises terminal access. The extended collective license mechanism (§ 12 second paragraph, referencing § 38a) was expanded for educational and institutional use. However, the most permissive general exception for research remained § 12 first paragraph (private use copying), which is still limited to 'privat bruk.' No general fair dealing or fair use clause was introduced. The exclusion of computer programs and databases from private copying (unless purely personal) and architectural works narrows the scope somewhat, but the individual can still make copies of literary, scientific, and artistic works for private use. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE because the most permissive exception is still restricted to private/personal use.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes. Excludes machine-readable copies of computer programs and databases, and reproduction of architectural works by building.
Extended collective license for educational and institutional copying under agreement with collecting society.
Library, archive, and museum copying for preservation and replacement purposes.
On-premises terminal access at libraries and archives for research and private study.
Quotation right in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required by the purpose.
Original text
§ 12. Når det ikke skjer i ervervsøyemed, kan enkelte eksemplar av et offentliggjort verk fremstilles til privat bruk. Slike eksemplar må ikke utnyttes i annet øyemed. Opphavsmannen kan ikke sette seg imot at det av et offentliggjort verk fremstilles enkelte eksemplar til bruk i undervisningsvirksomhet og til bruk i virksomheter, institusjoner, organisasjoner o.l. i samsvar med avtale med organisasjon som nevnt i § 38a. Bestemmelsen i første ledd gir ikke rett til å a) ettergjøre bygningskunst gjennom oppføring av byggverk, b) fremstille maskinlesbart eksemplar av datamaskinprogram, c) fremstille maskinlesbart eksemplar av databaser i maskinlesbar form, eller d) fremstille eksemplar av kunstverk ved fotokopiering, avtrykk, avstøpning eller tilsvarende fremgangsmåte når det er et ledd i ervervsvirksomhet.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: § 12. When it is not done for commercial purposes, single copies of a published work may be made for private use. Such copies must not be used for other purposes. The author cannot oppose the making of single copies of a published work for use in educational activities and for use in enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc. in accordance with an agreement with an organization as mentioned in § 38a. The provision in the first paragraph does not give the right to a) reproduce architectural works by erecting buildings, b) make machine-readable copies of computer programs, c) make machine-readable copies of databases in machine-readable form, or d) make copies of works of art by photocopying, printing, casting or similar methods when it is part of commercial activity.
Source links
Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk mv. (åndsverkloven) av 15. juni 2018 nr. 40
Relevant update · Effective 2018-07-01
60%
Relevant section: § 26, § 49, § 50, § 29, § 43
Dates: Effective 2018-07-01 · Enacted 2018-06-15
Why this score
The 2018 Act replaced the 1961 Copyright Act entirely with a new, modernized statute. The private use exception moved from § 12 to § 26 but retained essentially the same structure and scope. § 26 permits making single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes, with the same exclusions (architectural works, computer programs, databases). § 49 provides for library/archive/museum copying. § 29 provides the quotation right. § 43 provides for extended collective licensing for educational and institutional use. No general fair dealing, fair use, or open research exception was introduced. The most permissive exception for research remains the private use provision (§ 26), which is restricted to 'privat bruk' and does not authorize sharing or institutional use. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes. Excludes machine-readable copies of computer programs and databases, and reproduction of architectural works.
Quotation right: quotation from a published work in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required by the purpose.
Extended collective license for use in educational activities and enterprises/institutions under agreement with collecting society.
Library, archive, and museum exceptions: reproduction for preservation, replacement, and on-premises terminal access for research and private study.
Lending by libraries.
Original text
§ 26. Eksemplarfremstilling til privat bruk Når det ikke skjer i ervervsøyemed, kan det fremstilles enkelte eksemplar av et offentliggjort verk til privat bruk. Slike eksemplar kan ikke brukes til andre formål. Første ledd gir ikke rett til å a) ettergjøre bygningskunst gjennom oppføring av byggverk b) fremstille maskinlesbart eksemplar av datamaskinprogram c) fremstille maskinlesbart eksemplar av databaser i maskinlesbar form d) fremstille eksemplar av kunstverk ved fotokopiering, avtrykk, avstøpning eller tilsvarende fremgangsmåte når det er et ledd i ervervsvirksomhet.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: § 26. Reproduction for private use When it is not done for commercial purposes, single copies of a published work may be made for private use. Such copies may not be used for other purposes. The first paragraph does not give the right to a) reproduce architectural works by erecting buildings b) make machine-readable copies of computer programs c) make machine-readable copies of databases in machine-readable form d) make copies of works of art by photocopying, printing, casting or similar methods when it is part of commercial activity.
Source links
Lov 28. mai 2021 nr. 47 om endringer i åndsverkloven (gjennomføring av digitalmarkedsdirektivet mv.)
Relevant update · Effective 2021-05-28
60%
Relevant section: § 26, § 49, § 49a, § 49b
Dates: Effective 2021-05-28 · Enacted 2021-05-28
Why this score
The 2021 amendments transposed the EU DSM Directive (2019/790) into Norwegian law. Two new TDM exceptions were introduced: § 49a (TDM for research purposes, limited to archives, libraries, museums, educational institutions, and research organizations — institutional only) and § 49b (general TDM, open to any user but subject to rights holder opt-out for works on the internet). Both TDM provisions cover reproduction (making copies) but do not explicitly authorize communication/sharing/distribution of the copies or results beyond what is inherent in the mining process. § 49a is restricted to specific institutional users (PURPLE). § 49b is open to any user for reproduction but subject to opt-out and does not cover sharing (BLUE). The pre-existing private use exception (§ 26) remains in force and covers reproduction for private use (LIGHT BLUE). Evaluating all exceptions: § 49b provides reproduction for TDM open to any user and any work (BLUE), which is more permissive than § 26 (LIGHT BLUE) on the user dimension but equivalent on the sharing dimension. However, § 49b is subject to rights holder opt-out for internet-available works, which is a significant practical limitation but does not change the color classification per the rules (it is analogous to a lawful-access requirement). § 49b covers reproduction only, not sharing — so it is BLUE. § 26 covers reproduction for private use — LIGHT BLUE. The most permissive exception is now § 49b at BLUE level (reproduction of full works, any user, any work, no sharing). However, re-examining: § 49b permits reproduction for TDM specifically, which is a research-relevant use. It covers all works and all users. It does not authorize sharing. This is BLUE. But wait — the opt-out mechanism in § 49b means rights holders CAN prohibit use of works available on the internet. This is a substantive restriction on the scope of the exception, not merely a lawful-access requirement. Works not on the internet are not subject to opt-out. For works on the internet (the vast majority of TDM-relevant works), the exception can be nullified by the rights holder. This is still classified as BLUE per the rules since opt-out/contractual provisions are not color-determinative. Actually, re-reading the classification-neutral factors: 'Contract-override protections: Whether the exception is protected from contractual waiver does not change the color.' The opt-out in § 49b is a statutory mechanism, not a contractual one, but the instruction says to classify based on the face of the statute. The statute says copies 'may be made' — this is a permission. The opt-out is a limitation within the exception. On balance, § 49b still permits reproduction for TDM for any user and any work (subject to opt-out for internet works). This is BLUE. However, considering the overall most permissive exception: § 49b (BLUE for TDM reproduction, any user, any work) is more permissive than § 26 (LIGHT BLUE, private use only). The overall classification should be BLUE. Correcting: the status should be BLUE based on § 49b being the most permissive exception.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes.
TDM for research purposes: archives, libraries, museums, educational institutions, and research organizations may make copies for TDM for research. Storage permitted as long as necessary.
General TDM: copies of lawfully accessible works may be made for TDM by any user. Rights holders may opt out for works on the internet.
Quotation right.
Extended collective license for educational and institutional use.
Library, archive, and museum exceptions for preservation and on-premises access.
Original text
§ 49a. Tekst- og datautvinning for forskningsformål Arkiv, bibliotek og museer som er tilgjengelige for allmennheten, utdanningsinstitusjoner og forskningsorganisasjoner kan fremstille eksemplar av lovlig tilgjengelige verk for tekst- og datautvinning for forskningsformål. Eksemplar som er fremstilt etter første punktum, kan lagres så lenge det er nødvendig for tekst- og datautvinningen. § 49b. Tekst- og datautvinning Det kan fremstilles eksemplar av lovlig tilgjengelige verk for tekst- og datautvinning. Rettighetshavere kan sette vilkår for eller nedlegge forbud mot bruk etter første punktum av verk som er gjort tilgjengelig på internett. Vilkår eller forbud etter andre punktum skal angis på en hensiktsmessig måte, herunder i maskinlesbar form.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: § 49a. Text and data mining for research purposes Archives, libraries and museums that are accessible to the public, educational institutions and research organizations may make copies of lawfully accessible works for text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first sentence may be stored as long as necessary for the text and data mining. § 49b. Text and data mining Copies of lawfully accessible works may be made for text and data mining. Rights holders may set conditions for or prohibit use under the first sentence of works that have been made available on the internet. Conditions or prohibitions under the second sentence shall be indicated in an appropriate manner, including in machine-readable form.
Source links
Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk mv. (åndsverkloven) av 15. juni 2018 nr. 40 (as amended through 2024)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
80%
Relevant section: § 26, § 49a, § 49b, § 29, § 43, § 49
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Norwegian Copyright Act (2018, as amended through 2021 and subsequently) contains the following research-relevant exceptions: (1) § 26 — private use copying (LIGHT BLUE: reproduction of full works for private use, any work except computer programs/databases/architectural works, individual users only, no sharing); (2) § 49a — TDM for research by institutions (PURPLE: reproduction for TDM, any work, institutional users only, no sharing explicitly authorized); (3) § 49b — general TDM (BLUE: reproduction for TDM, any work, any user, no sharing, subject to rights holder opt-out for internet works); (4) § 29 — quotation (RED: excerpts only); (5) § 43 — extended collective license for educational/institutional use (PURPLE); (6) § 49 — library/archive/museum exceptions (PURPLE). The most permissive exception is § 49b, which permits reproduction of full works for TDM by any user without restriction to private/personal use or institutional status. It covers all types of works and all users. It does not authorize sharing/communication/distribution. The opt-out mechanism for internet works and the lawful-access requirement are classification-neutral per the rules. The non-commercial restriction in § 26 and copy-number limits are also classification-neutral. No fair dealing or fair use clause exists in Norwegian law. The overall classification is BLUE: reproduction of full works for research-related purposes (TDM) open to all users and all works, but no authorization for sharing.
Exceptions considered
Private use copying: single copies of published works for private use, not for commercial purposes. Excludes machine-readable copies of computer programs and databases, and reproduction of architectural works.
TDM for research purposes: archives, libraries, museums, educational institutions, and research organizations may make copies for TDM for research. Storage permitted as long as necessary.
General TDM: copies of lawfully accessible works may be made for TDM by any user. Rights holders may opt out for works on the internet.
Quotation right: quotation from a published work in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required by the purpose.
Extended collective license for use in educational activities and enterprises/institutions under agreement with collecting society.
Library, archive, and museum exceptions: reproduction for preservation, replacement, and on-premises terminal access.
Original text
§ 49a. Tekst- og datautvinning for forskningsformål Arkiv, bibliotek og museer som er tilgjengelige for allmennheten, utdanningsinstitusjoner og forskningsorganisasjoner kan fremstille eksemplar av lovlig tilgjengelige verk for tekst- og datautvinning for forskningsformål. Eksemplar som er fremstilt etter første punktum, kan lagres så lenge det er nødvendig for tekst- og datautvinningen. § 49b. Tekst- og datautvinning Det kan fremstilles eksemplar av lovlig tilgjengelige verk for tekst- og datautvinning. Rettighetshavere kan sette vilkår for eller nedlegge forbud mot bruk etter første punktum av verk som er gjort tilgjengelig på internett. Vilkår eller forbud etter andre punktum skal angis på en hensiktsmessig måte, herunder i maskinlesbar form. § 26. Eksemplarfremstilling til privat bruk Når det ikke skjer i ervervsøyemed, kan det fremstilles enkelte eksemplar av et offentliggjort verk til privat bruk. Slike eksemplar kan ikke brukes til andre formål.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: § 49a. Text and data mining for research purposes Archives, libraries and museums that are accessible to the public, educational institutions and research organizations may make copies of lawfully accessible works for text and data mining for research purposes. Copies made under the first sentence may be stored as long as necessary for the text and data mining. § 49b. Text and data mining Copies of lawfully accessible works may be made for text and data mining. Rights holders may set conditions for or prohibit use under the first sentence of works that have been made available on the internet. Conditions or prohibitions under the second sentence shall be indicated in an appropriate manner, including in machine-readable form. § 26. Reproduction for private use When it is not done for commercial purposes, single copies of a published work may be made for private use. Such copies may not be used for other purposes.