Selected year snapshot
For 1999, the active event in this file is Wet van 21 december 1995 tot wijziging van de Auteurswet 1912 (thuiskopie).
60%
Current rationale
Art. 16c introduced a private copying levy system for reproductions on recording media. The scope of the private use exception remains essentially the same as Art. 16b: reproduction for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose. This does not change the overall classification. Art. 16b remains in force alongside Art. 16c. The most permissive exception remains private use/study by natural persons (LIGHT BLUE). No sharing is authorized. The levy is a classification-neutral factor.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction limited to a few copies for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose.
Private copying on recording media for own practice, study or use of a natural person, with levy system.
Quotation right for scientific treatise etc.
Reproduction for illustration for teaching.
Law changes
Auteurswet 1912
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Art. 16b, Art. 16c, Art. 15a, Art. 16
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception in force on 1990-01-01 is Art. 16b (private copying/study). It permits reproduction of full works (limited to a few copies) for own practice, study or use by a natural person without commercial purpose. This covers reproduction of full works of all types, but is restricted to natural persons (private/personal use) and does not authorize sharing/communication. Art. 15a (quotation) only permits quotation/excerpts, not full-work reproduction. Art. 16 (educational use) permits limited reproduction for illustration for teaching but is restricted to short works/short passages and to educational contexts. There is no general fair use or fair dealing clause, no open three-step-test enabling clause, and no institutional research exception that would be more permissive. The private-use restriction to natural persons makes this LIGHT BLUE. The non-commercial restriction and few-copies limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction limited to a few copies exclusively for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without direct or indirect commercial purpose. Covers all types of works.
Quotation from a lawfully published work in an announcement, criticism, polemic or scientific treatise, in accordance with what is reasonably accepted by social custom and justified by the purpose.
Reproduction of short works or short passages for illustration for teaching, limited to the purpose of education.
Original text
Artikel 16b 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd de verveelvoudiging welke beperkt blijft tot enkele exemplaren en uitsluitend dient tot eigen oefening, studie of gebruik van de natuurlijke persoon die de verveelvoudiging zonder direct of indirect commercieel oogmerk vervaardigt of laat vervaardigen.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 16b 1. The reproduction which is limited to a few copies and which is exclusively intended for own practice, study or use of the natural person who makes or has made the reproduction without any direct or indirect commercial purpose shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work.
Source links
Wet van 21 december 1995 tot wijziging van de Auteurswet 1912 (thuiskopie)
Relevant update · Effective 1995-12-29
60%
Relevant section: Art. 16c
Dates: Effective 1995-12-29 · Enacted 1995-12-21
Why this score
Art. 16c introduced a private copying levy system for reproductions on recording media. The scope of the private use exception remains essentially the same as Art. 16b: reproduction for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose. This does not change the overall classification. Art. 16b remains in force alongside Art. 16c. The most permissive exception remains private use/study by natural persons (LIGHT BLUE). No sharing is authorized. The levy is a classification-neutral factor.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction limited to a few copies for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose.
Private copying on recording media for own practice, study or use of a natural person, with levy system.
Quotation right for scientific treatise etc.
Reproduction for illustration for teaching.
Original text
Artikel 16c 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd het reproduceren van het werk of een gedeelte ervan op een voorwerp dat bestemd is om een werk ten gehore te brengen, te vertonen of weer te geven, mits het reproduceren geschiedt zonder direct of indirect commercieel oogmerk en uitsluitend dient tot eigen oefening, studie of gebruik van de natuurlijke persoon die de reproductie vervaardigt.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 16c 1. The reproduction of a work or part thereof on an object intended for playing, showing or displaying a work shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work, provided that the reproduction is made without any direct or indirect commercial purpose and exclusively serves for own practice, study or use of the natural person who makes the reproduction.
Source links
Wet van 6 juli 2004 tot aanpassing van de Auteurswet 1912 (implementatie Richtlijn 2001/29/EG – Auteursrecht in de informatiemaatschappij)
Relevant update · Effective 2004-09-01
60%
Relevant section: Art. 15h, Art. 15i, Art. 16b, Art. 16c
Dates: Effective 2004-09-01 · Enacted 2004-07-06
Why this score
The 2004 implementation of the EU InfoSoc Directive (2001/29/EC) introduced Art. 15h (dedicated terminals in libraries/archives/museums) and Art. 15i (reproductions by libraries/archives for preservation). Art. 15h only permits on-premises display on dedicated terminals — not lending or providing copies to users — so it does not qualify as PURPLE. Art. 15i permits preservation copies by institutions but not research copies for users. Art. 16b (private use/study) was slightly amended but retained its core scope: reproduction for own practice, study or use of a natural person. Art. 16c was also retained. The most permissive exception for research remains Art. 16b: private use/study by natural persons, covering full works of all types, but limited to reproduction only and to natural persons. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction limited to a few copies for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose. All types of works.
Private copying on recording media for own practice, study or use of a natural person, with levy.
On-premises display on dedicated terminals by libraries, archives, museums, educational institutions. No copies provided to users.
Reproduction by libraries, archives, museums for preservation purposes (not for providing research copies to users).
Quotation right.
Reproduction for illustration for teaching.
Original text
Artikel 15h De openbare bibliotheken, de bij algemene maatregel van bestuur aangewezen onderwijsinstellingen en musea, alsmede archieven die niet het behalen van een direct of indirect economisch of commercieel voordeel nastreven, zijn bevoegd, zonder toestemming van de maker of diens rechtverkrijgenden, werken waarvan een exemplaar door hen rechtmatig ter beschikking is gesteld, door middel van een voor het publiek toegankelijk apparaat ten gehore te brengen of te vertonen, mits dit geschiedt in de gebouwen van de betrokken instelling en er geen sprake is van een direct of indirect economisch of commercieel voordeel.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 15h Public libraries, educational institutions designated by order in council and museums, as well as archives that do not pursue direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage, shall be entitled, without the consent of the author or his successors in title, to make works of which a copy has been lawfully made available to them available for viewing or listening by means of a terminal accessible to the public, provided that this takes place in the buildings of the institution concerned and there is no direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage.
Source links
Implementatiewet richtlijn auteursrecht in de digitale eengemaakte markt (DSM-richtlijn implementatie)
Relevant update · Effective 2021-06-07
80%
Relevant section: Art. 15n, Art. 15o, Art. 16b
Dates: Effective 2021-06-07 · Enacted 2021-06-07
Why this score
With the DSM implementation, Art. 15o introduces a TDM exception open to any user ('one') for reproduction of works to which lawful access exists, covering all types of works. It does not authorize communication/sharing — only reproduction. The rightsholder opt-out is treated as a classification-neutral factor (analogous to contractual override). Art. 15n is narrower (institutional only, scientific research only) but also covers extraction. Art. 16b (private use/study by natural persons) remains in force (LIGHT BLUE). The most permissive exception is now Art. 15o: reproduction of full works of all types by any user for TDM, but no sharing = BLUE. Non-commercial restrictions, lawful access requirements, and opt-out mechanisms are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
TDM exception for any user: reproduction of works to which lawful access exists for text and data mining. Subject to rightsholder opt-out. No communication/sharing authorized.
TDM exception for research organisations and cultural heritage institutions: reproduction and extraction for scientific research. Not subject to opt-out. Contract-override protection.
Private use: reproduction for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose.
Private copying on recording media with levy.
Quotation right.
On-premises dedicated terminal display by libraries/archives/museums.
Preservation copies by libraries/archives.
Reproduction for illustration for teaching.
Original text
Artikel 15n 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd de verveelvoudiging of opvraging van een werk of een gedeelte daarvan door onderzoeksorganisaties en erfgoedinstellingen met het oog op tekst- en datamining van werken waartoe zij rechtmatig toegang hebben ten behoeve van wetenschappelijk onderzoek. 2. Een exemplaar van een werk dat op grond van het eerste lid is vervaardigd, wordt met passende beveiliging bewaard en mag worden bewaard zolang dit nodig is voor tekst- en datamining. 3. De rechthebbende is bevoegd maatregelen te nemen om de veiligheid en integriteit van de netwerken en databanken waar de werken worden gehost te waarborgen. Deze maatregelen gaan niet verder dan nodig is om die doelstelling te verwezenlijken. 4. Van het bepaalde in het eerste lid kan niet bij overeenkomst worden afgeweken. Artikel 15o 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd de verveelvoudiging van een werk of een gedeelte daarvan met het oog op tekst- en datamining van werken waartoe men rechtmatig toegang heeft. 2. Een exemplaar van een werk dat op grond van het eerste lid is vervaardigd, wordt bewaard zolang dit nodig is voor tekst- en datamining. 3. Het bepaalde in het eerste lid is niet van toepassing indien de rechthebbende het gebruik van zijn werken als bedoeld in het eerste lid op passende wijze heeft voorbehouden, zoals machineleesbaar voor online geplaatste content. 4. Van het bepaalde in het eerste lid kan niet bij overeenkomst worden afgeweken.
English rendering
Article 15n 1. The reproduction or extraction of a work or part thereof by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions for the purpose of text and data mining of works to which they have lawful access for the purpose of scientific research shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work. 2. A copy of a work made pursuant to the first paragraph shall be stored with appropriate security and may be retained for as long as is necessary for text and data mining. 3. The rightholder shall be entitled to take measures to ensure the security and integrity of the networks and databases where the works are hosted. Such measures shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective. 4. The provisions of the first paragraph may not be derogated from by contract. Article 15o 1. The reproduction of a work or part thereof for the purpose of text and data mining of works to which one has lawful access shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work. 2. A copy of a work made pursuant to the first paragraph shall be retained for as long as is necessary for text and data mining. 3. The provisions of the first paragraph shall not apply if the rightholder has reserved the use of his works as referred to in the first paragraph in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means for content placed online. 4. The provisions of the first paragraph may not be derogated from by contract.
Source links
Auteurswet (geconsolideerd 2025)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
80%
Relevant section: Art. 15n, Art. 15o, Art. 16b, Art. 16c, Art. 15a, Art. 15h, Art. 15i, Art. 16
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the most permissive research-relevant exception in Dutch copyright law is Art. 15o (general TDM exception): it permits reproduction of full works of all types by any user ('one') for text and data mining, provided lawful access. It does not authorize communication/sharing — only reproduction. The rightsholder opt-out (Art. 15o(3)) and lawful access requirement are classification-neutral factors. Art. 15n provides a narrower institutional TDM exception (research organisations and cultural heritage institutions) for scientific research, covering reproduction and extraction, not subject to opt-out — this is PURPLE individually. Art. 16b (private use/study) remains LIGHT BLUE. No exception authorizes sharing/communication of research copies to third parties in a general manner. Therefore the overall classification is BLUE: reproduction of full works, all types, any user, but no sharing.
Exceptions considered
General TDM exception: reproduction of works for text and data mining by any user with lawful access. Subject to rightsholder opt-out. No communication/sharing.
Institutional TDM exception: reproduction and extraction by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions for scientific research. Not subject to opt-out.
Private use: reproduction for own practice, study or use of a natural person, without commercial purpose. All works, few copies.
Private copying on recording media with levy system.
Quotation right in scientific treatise, criticism, polemic etc.
On-premises dedicated terminal display by libraries, archives, museums, educational institutions.
Preservation copies by libraries, archives, museums.
Reproduction for illustration for teaching purposes.
Original text
Artikel 15o 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd de verveelvoudiging van een werk of een gedeelte daarvan met het oog op tekst- en datamining van werken waartoe men rechtmatig toegang heeft. 2. Een exemplaar van een werk dat op grond van het eerste lid is vervaardigd, wordt bewaard zolang dit nodig is voor tekst- en datamining. 3. Het bepaalde in het eerste lid is niet van toepassing indien de rechthebbende het gebruik van zijn werken als bedoeld in het eerste lid op passende wijze heeft voorbehouden, zoals machineleesbaar voor online geplaatste content. 4. Van het bepaalde in het eerste lid kan niet bij overeenkomst worden afgeweken. Artikel 16b 1. Als inbreuk op het auteursrecht op een werk van letterkunde, wetenschap of kunst wordt niet beschouwd de verveelvoudiging welke beperkt blijft tot enkele exemplaren en uitsluitend dient tot eigen oefening, studie of gebruik van de natuurlijke persoon die de verveelvoudiging zonder direct of indirect commercieel oogmerk vervaardigt of laat vervaardigen.
English rendering
Article 15o 1. The reproduction of a work or part thereof for the purpose of text and data mining of works to which one has lawful access shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work. 2. A copy of a work made pursuant to the first paragraph shall be retained for as long as is necessary for text and data mining. 3. The provisions of the first paragraph shall not apply if the rightholder has reserved the use of his works as referred to in the first paragraph in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means for content placed online. 4. The provisions of the first paragraph may not be derogated from by contract. Article 16b 1. The reproduction which is limited to a few copies and which is exclusively intended for own practice, study or use of the natural person who makes or has made the reproduction without any direct or indirect commercial purpose shall not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright in a literary, scientific or artistic work.