Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 30 mars 1993 portant sur le droit d'auteur, les droits voisins et les expressions du folklore.
20%
Current rationale
Article 12 provides a private-use exception permitting reproduction, translation, or adaptation of a lawfully published work exclusively for the private use of the person making it. This would normally be LIGHT BLUE (private/personal use restriction on users, covers reproduction of full works). However, Article 14 excludes works of architecture, works of applied art, and computer programs from this exception. Because the private-use exception permits full-work reproduction but excludes specific categories of works, this is ORANGE. Article 13(1) only permits quotations (excerpts), which is RED standing alone. Article 13(2) covers illustration for teaching, not directly research. No broader fair dealing, fair use, or general research exception exists. The most permissive exception for research is Article 12 (private reproduction of full works for private use), but with the Article 14 exclusions, the classification is ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy implications are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, translation or adaptation of a lawfully published work exclusively for the private use of the person making it, without consent or remuneration
Excludes works of architecture, works of applied art, and computer programs from the Article 12 private-use exception
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice, justified by scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose
Use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or recordings, to the extent justified by the purpose
Law changes
Ordonnance n° 93-027 du 30 mars 1993 portant sur le droit d'auteur, les droits voisins et les expressions du folklore
Baseline · Effective 1993-03-30
20%
Relevant section: Articles 12, 13, 14
Dates: Effective 1993-03-30 · Enacted 1993-03-30
Why this score
Article 12 provides a private-use exception permitting reproduction, translation, or adaptation of a lawfully published work exclusively for the private use of the person making it. This would normally be LIGHT BLUE (private/personal use restriction on users, covers reproduction of full works). However, Article 14 excludes works of architecture, works of applied art, and computer programs from this exception. Because the private-use exception permits full-work reproduction but excludes specific categories of works, this is ORANGE. Article 13(1) only permits quotations (excerpts), which is RED standing alone. Article 13(2) covers illustration for teaching, not directly research. No broader fair dealing, fair use, or general research exception exists. The most permissive exception for research is Article 12 (private reproduction of full works for private use), but with the Article 14 exclusions, the classification is ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy implications are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, translation or adaptation of a lawfully published work exclusively for the private use of the person making it, without consent or remuneration
Excludes works of architecture, works of applied art, and computer programs from the Article 12 private-use exception
Quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice, justified by scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose
Use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or recordings, to the extent justified by the purpose
Original text
Article 12 : Sous réserve des dispositions de l'article 14 ci-dessous, sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération, la reproduction, la traduction ou l'adaptation d'une œuvre licitement publiée, exclusivement pour un usage privé de celui qui la fait. Article 13 : Sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération : 1° Les citations tirées d'une œuvre déjà licitement rendue accessible au public, à condition qu'elles soient conformes aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but scientifique, critique, polémique, pédagogique ou d'information à atteindre ; 2° L'utilisation d'une œuvre à titre d'illustration de l'enseignement par le moyen de publications, d'émissions de radiodiffusion ou d'enregistrements sonores ou visuels, dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre ; 3° La reproduction par la presse, la radiodiffusion ou la communication par câble au public, d'articles d'actualité de discussion économique, politique, sociale ou religieuse publiés dans des journaux ou recueils périodiques ou d'œuvres radiodiffusées ayant le même caractère, dans les cas où la reproduction, la radiodiffusion ou ladite communication n'en est pas expressément réservée. Article 14 : Les exceptions prévues à l'article 12 ne s'appliquent pas aux œuvres d'architecture, aux œuvres des arts appliqués ni aux programmes d'ordinateur.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 12: Subject to the provisions of Article 14 below, the reproduction, translation or adaptation of a lawfully published work, exclusively for the private use of the person making it, is lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration. Article 13: The following are lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration: 1° Quotations from a work already lawfully made accessible to the public, provided they conform to fair practice and to the extent justified by the scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose to be achieved; 2° The use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings, to the extent justified by the purpose to be achieved; 3° The reproduction by the press, broadcasting or communication by cable to the public, of articles on current economic, political, social or religious topics published in newspapers or periodicals or of broadcast works of the same character, in cases where such reproduction, broadcasting or communication is not expressly reserved. Article 14: The exceptions provided for in Article 12 do not apply to works of architecture, works of applied art, or computer programs.
Source links
Ordonnance n° 2010-95 du 23 décembre 2010 relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins
Relevant update · Effective 2010-12-23
20%
Relevant section: Articles 19, 20, 21, 22
Dates: Effective 2010-12-23 · Enacted 2010-12-23
Why this score
The 2010 Ordonnance replaced the 1993 law. Article 19(1) provides a private-use exception for reproduction in a single copy of a lawfully published work, exclusively for the private use of the person making it. However, it explicitly excludes: (a) works of architecture in the form of a building, (b) reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a musical work in graphic form, and (c) reproduction of the whole or essential parts of a database in digital form. Because the private-use exception permits full-work reproduction for some types of works (e.g., articles, audiovisual works, sound recordings, photographs) but excludes specific categories (entire books via reprography, musical works in graphic form, architectural works, databases), this is ORANGE. Article 21 adds a library/archive exception for reproduction limited to non-profit institutions' needs — this is PURPLE standing alone but does not override the ORANGE classification from Art. 19. Article 20(1) only permits short quotations (RED). Article 20(2) covers illustration for teaching (not directly research). Article 22 is a three-step test safeguard clause, not an enabling clause. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Art. 19(1) with its work-type exclusions, yielding ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction in a single copy of a lawfully published work exclusively for private use, excluding architectural works, reprographic reproduction of entire books or musical works in graphic form, and whole/essential parts of digital databases
Short quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice, justified by scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose
Use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or recordings, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose
Reproduction of a protected work by non-profit libraries or archive services, limited to the needs of their activities, subject to three-step test
Three-step test safeguard: exceptions cannot be applied in a manner causing unjustified prejudice to author's interests or prejudicing normal exploitation
Original text
Article 19 : Nonobstant les dispositions de l'article 10, et sous réserve de celles de l'article 22, sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération : 1° la reproduction, en un seul exemplaire, d'une œuvre licitement publiée, exclusivement pour l'usage privé de celui qui la fait ; cette disposition ne s'applique pas à la reproduction d'une œuvre d'architecture revêtant la forme d'un bâtiment ou d'une autre construction, à la reproduction reprographique d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale sous forme graphique, ni à la reproduction de la totalité ou de parties essentielles d'une base de données sous forme numérique. Article 20 : Nonobstant les dispositions de l'article 10, et sous réserve de celles de l'article 22, sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération : 1° les courtes citations tirées d'une œuvre déjà licitement rendue accessible au public, à condition qu'elles soient conformes aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but scientifique, critique, polémique, pédagogique ou d'information à atteindre, y compris les citations d'articles de journaux et de recueils périodiques sous forme de revues de presse ; 2° l'utilisation d'une œuvre à titre d'illustration de l'enseignement par le moyen de publications, d'émissions de radiodiffusion ou d'enregistrements sonores ou visuels, sous réserve que cette utilisation soit conforme aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre ; 3° la reproduction, par la presse ou la radiodiffusion ou la communication par câble au public, d'articles d'actualité de discussion économique, politique, sociale ou religieuse publiés dans des journaux ou recueils périodiques ou d'œuvres radiodiffusées ayant le même caractère, dans les cas où la reproduction, la radiodiffusion ou ladite communication n'en est pas expressément réservée. Article 21 : Nonobstant les dispositions de l'article 10, et sous réserve de celles de l'article 22, sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération : 1° la reproduction d'une œuvre protégée par les bibliothèques ou services d'archives à but non lucratif, à condition que la reproduction et le nombre d'exemplaires réalisés soient limités aux besoins de leurs activités et que la reproduction ne porte pas atteinte à l'exploitation normale de l'œuvre ni ne cause un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l'auteur. Article 22 : Les exceptions prévues aux articles 19, 20 et 21 ne peuvent être interprétées de manière à permettre leur application d'une façon qui cause un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l'auteur ou qui porte atteinte à l'exploitation normale de l'œuvre.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 19: Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, and subject to those of Article 22, the following are lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration: 1° the reproduction, in a single copy, of a lawfully published work, exclusively for the private use of the person making it; this provision does not apply to the reproduction of a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction, to the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a musical work in graphic form, nor to the reproduction of the whole or essential parts of a database in digital form. Article 20: Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, and subject to those of Article 22, the following are lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration: 1° short quotations from a work already lawfully made accessible to the public, provided they conform to fair practice and to the extent justified by the scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose to be achieved, including quotations from newspaper articles and periodicals in the form of press reviews; 2° the use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings, provided that such use conforms to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose to be achieved; 3° the reproduction by the press, broadcasting or communication by cable to the public, of articles on current economic, political, social or religious topics published in newspapers or periodicals or of broadcast works of the same character, in cases where such reproduction, broadcasting or communication is not expressly reserved. Article 21: Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, and subject to those of Article 22, the following are lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration: 1° the reproduction of a protected work by non-profit libraries or archive services, provided that the reproduction and the number of copies made are limited to the needs of their activities and that the reproduction does not prejudice the normal exploitation of the work nor cause unjustified prejudice to the legitimate interests of the author. Article 22: The exceptions provided for in Articles 19, 20 and 21 may not be interpreted so as to permit their application in a manner that causes unjustified prejudice to the legitimate interests of the author or that prejudices the normal exploitation of the work.
Source links
Ordonnance n° 2010-95 du 23 décembre 2010 relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins
Current law confirmation · Effective 2010-12-23
20%
Relevant section: Articles 19, 20, 21, 22
Dates: Effective 2010-12-23 · Enacted 2010-12-23
Why this score
As of 2025, the Ordonnance n° 2010-95 remains the copyright law in force in Niger. No subsequent amendments affecting exceptions and limitations for research have been identified. The analysis remains the same as the 2010 relevant_update: Article 19(1) permits private-use reproduction of full works in a single copy but excludes architectural works, reprographic reproduction of entire books or musical works in graphic form, and whole/essential parts of digital databases. This permits full-work reproduction for some categories of works (e.g., articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but not all, yielding ORANGE. Article 21 provides a narrower library/archive exception (PURPLE). Article 20(1) only permits short quotations (RED). No TDM exception, fair use, or fair dealing clause exists. The single-copy limit and non-commercial nature of private use are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction in a single copy of a lawfully published work exclusively for private use, excluding architectural works, reprographic reproduction of entire books or musical works in graphic form, and whole/essential parts of digital databases
Short quotations from a lawfully accessible work, conforming to fair practice, justified by scientific, critical, polemical, pedagogical or informational purpose
Use of a work by way of illustration for teaching through publications, broadcasts or recordings, conforming to fair practice and justified by the purpose
Reproduction of a protected work by non-profit libraries or archive services, limited to the needs of their activities, subject to three-step test
Three-step test safeguard clause: exceptions cannot be applied in a manner causing unjustified prejudice to author's interests or prejudicing normal exploitation
Original text
Article 19 : Nonobstant les dispositions de l'article 10, et sous réserve de celles de l'article 22, sont licites sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans obligation de rémunération : 1° la reproduction, en un seul exemplaire, d'une œuvre licitement publiée, exclusivement pour l'usage privé de celui qui la fait ; cette disposition ne s'applique pas à la reproduction d'une œuvre d'architecture revêtant la forme d'un bâtiment ou d'une autre construction, à la reproduction reprographique d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale sous forme graphique, ni à la reproduction de la totalité ou de parties essentielles d'une base de données sous forme numérique.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 19: Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, and subject to those of Article 22, the following are lawful without the consent of the author and without obligation of remuneration: 1° the reproduction, in a single copy, of a lawfully published work, exclusively for the private use of the person making it; this provision does not apply to the reproduction of a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction, to the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a musical work in graphic form, nor to the reproduction of the whole or essential parts of a database in digital form.