Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique.
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Current rationale
The law in force on 1990-01-01 in Madagascar was the French-origin Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique. This law was inherited from the French colonial period and remained in force until replaced by Loi n° 94-036 in 1995. The WIPO Lex record confirms this law existed for Madagascar, but the full statutory text could not be retrieved via web search to verify the exact wording of the exceptions. The French 1957 law typically contained exceptions for private and family use (Article 41) and for analyses and short quotations (Article 41), but the specific text as applied in Madagascar could not be verified. The private/family use exception in the French 1957 law was typically limited to 'représentations privées et gratuites effectuées exclusivement dans un cercle de famille' and 'copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective' — which would suggest LIGHT BLUE for private use. However, without verified text, AMBIGUOUS is appropriate.
Exceptions considered
Private use exception (copies reserved for private use of the copier, not for collective use) — based on the French 1957 model law, but text not verified for Madagascar
Short quotations justified by critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informatory character — based on French 1957 model
Law changes
Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique
Baseline · Effective 1957-03-11
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Relevant section: Articles 40, 41
Dates: Effective 1957-03-11 · Enacted 1957-03-11
Why this score
The law in force on 1990-01-01 in Madagascar was the French-origin Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique. This law was inherited from the French colonial period and remained in force until replaced by Loi n° 94-036 in 1995. The WIPO Lex record confirms this law existed for Madagascar, but the full statutory text could not be retrieved via web search to verify the exact wording of the exceptions. The French 1957 law typically contained exceptions for private and family use (Article 41) and for analyses and short quotations (Article 41), but the specific text as applied in Madagascar could not be verified. The private/family use exception in the French 1957 law was typically limited to 'représentations privées et gratuites effectuées exclusivement dans un cercle de famille' and 'copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective' — which would suggest LIGHT BLUE for private use. However, without verified text, AMBIGUOUS is appropriate.
Exceptions considered
Private use exception (copies reserved for private use of the copier, not for collective use) — based on the French 1957 model law, but text not verified for Madagascar
Short quotations justified by critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informatory character — based on French 1957 model
Source links
Loi n° 94-036 portant sur la Propriété Littéraire et Artistique
Relevant update · Effective 1995-09-18
60%
Relevant section: Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33
Dates: Effective 1995-09-18 · Enacted 1994-12-09
Why this score
Loi n° 94-036 replaced the 1957 law. The most permissive research-relevant exception is Article 27(2), which permits copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use. This covers reproduction of full works (subject to the exclusions for works of art used for identical purposes and software), but is limited to private use of the individual copier — it does not authorize sharing, communication, or institutional copying. Article 27(3)(a) permits analyses and short quotations for scientific or pedagogical purposes, but this is limited to short quotations (RED individually). There is no general fair use, fair dealing, TDM, library/institutional, or three-step-test exception in the law. The private use exception (Art. 27(2)) is the most permissive, covering reproduction of full works by any individual for private use, but restricted to private/personal use and excluding collective use. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. The exclusion of copies of works of art for identical purposes and software backup copies are work-type restrictions, but since the exception still permits full-work reproduction for most categories of works, the primary restriction is the user limitation (private use of the copier), not the work-type exclusion. Classification-neutral factors: the non-commercial nature of private use and the single-copy implication do not affect the color.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use; excludes copies of works of art for identical purposes and software copies other than backup
Analyses and short quotations justified by critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informational character
Private and gratuitous performances exclusively within the family circle
Parody, pastiche and caricature
Original text
Article 27.- Lorsque l'œuvre a été divulguée, l'auteur ne peut interdire : 1. Les représentations privées et gratuites effectuées exclusivement dans un cercle de famille ; 2. Les copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective, à l'exception des copies des œuvres d'art destinées à être utilisées pour des fins identiques à celles pour lesquelles l'œuvre originale a été créée et des copies d'un logiciel autres que la copie de sauvegarde établie dans les conditions prévues au II de l'article 47 ; 3. Sous réserve que soient indiqués clairement le nom de l'auteur et la source : a) Les analyses et courtes citations justifiées par le caractère critique, polémique, pédagogique, scientifique ou d'information de l'œuvre à laquelle elles sont incorporées ; b) Les revues de presse ; c) La diffusion, même intégrale, par la voie de presse ou de télédiffusion, à titre d'information d'actualité, des discours destinés au public prononcés dans les assemblées politiques, administratives, judiciaires ou académiques, ainsi que dans les réunions publiques d'ordre politique et les cérémonies officielles ; d) Les reproductions, intégrales ou partielles d'œuvres d'art graphiques ou plastiques destinées à figurer dans le catalogue d'une vente judiciaire effectuée à Madagascar pour les exemplaires mis à la disposition du public avant la vente dans le seul but de décrire les œuvres d'art mises en vente ; 4. La parodie, le pastiche et la caricature, compte tenu des lois du genre.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 27.- When the work has been disclosed, the author may not prohibit: 1. Private and gratuitous performances made exclusively within the family circle; 2. Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use, with the exception of copies of works of art intended to be used for purposes identical to those for which the original work was created and copies of software other than the backup copy established under the conditions provided for in paragraph II of Article 47; 3. Provided that the name of the author and the source are clearly indicated: a) Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informational character of the work in which they are incorporated; b) Press reviews; c) The dissemination, even in full, by press or broadcasting, as current news information, of speeches intended for the public delivered in political, administrative, judicial or academic assemblies, as well as in public meetings of a political nature and official ceremonies; d) Reproductions, in whole or in part, of graphic or plastic works of art intended to appear in the catalogue of a judicial sale carried out in Madagascar for copies made available to the public before the sale for the sole purpose of describing the works of art put up for sale; 4. Parody, pastiche and caricature, taking into account the laws of the genre.
Source links
Loi n° 94-036 portant sur la Propriété Littéraire et Artistique
Current law confirmation · Effective 1995-09-18
60%
Relevant section: Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33
Dates: Effective 1995-09-18 · Enacted 1994-12-09
Why this score
As of 2025, Loi n° 94-036 of 1995 remains the copyright law in force in Madagascar. No amending legislation affecting the exceptions and limitations provisions (Articles 27-33) was identified through web search. Loi n° 2017-049 concerns industrial property (patents, trademarks, etc.) and does not amend the literary and artistic property law. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article 27(2): private use reproduction. This permits reproduction of full works (with narrow exclusions for art copies for identical purposes and software), but is strictly limited to the private use of the copier and excludes collective use. It does not authorize sharing, communication, or institutional copying. Article 27(3)(a) permits only short quotations for scientific purposes (RED). No fair use, fair dealing, TDM, library/institutional, or three-step-test exception exists. Uses: reproduction only (no sharing/communication). Works: all works except art copies for identical purposes and software (minor exclusions). Users: private individual copier only. The primary restriction is the user limitation (private use), mapping to LIGHT BLUE. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial nature, single copy implication) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use; excludes copies of works of art for identical purposes and software copies other than backup
Analyses and short quotations justified by critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informational character
Private and gratuitous performances exclusively within the family circle
Parody, pastiche and caricature
Original text
Article 27.- Lorsque l'œuvre a été divulguée, l'auteur ne peut interdire : 1. Les représentations privées et gratuites effectuées exclusivement dans un cercle de famille ; 2. Les copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective, à l'exception des copies des œuvres d'art destinées à être utilisées pour des fins identiques à celles pour lesquelles l'œuvre originale a été créée et des copies d'un logiciel autres que la copie de sauvegarde établie dans les conditions prévues au II de l'article 47 ; 3. Sous réserve que soient indiqués clairement le nom de l'auteur et la source : a) Les analyses et courtes citations justifiées par le caractère critique, polémique, pédagogique, scientifique ou d'information de l'œuvre à laquelle elles sont incorporées ; b) Les revues de presse ; c) La diffusion, même intégrale, par la voie de presse ou de télédiffusion, à titre d'information d'actualité, des discours destinés au public prononcés dans les assemblées politiques, administratives, judiciaires ou académiques, ainsi que dans les réunions publiques d'ordre politique et les cérémonies officielles ; d) Les reproductions, intégrales ou partielles d'œuvres d'art graphiques ou plastiques destinées à figurer dans le catalogue d'une vente judiciaire effectuée à Madagascar pour les exemplaires mis à la disposition du public avant la vente dans le seul but de décrire les œuvres d'art mises en vente ; 4. La parodie, le pastiche et la caricature, compte tenu des lois du genre.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 27.- When the work has been disclosed, the author may not prohibit: 1. Private and gratuitous performances made exclusively within the family circle; 2. Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use, with the exception of copies of works of art intended to be used for purposes identical to those for which the original work was created and copies of software other than the backup copy established under the conditions provided for in paragraph II of Article 47; 3. Provided that the name of the author and the source are clearly indicated: a) Analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informational character of the work in which they are incorporated; b) Press reviews; c) The dissemination, even in full, by press or broadcasting, as current news information, of speeches intended for the public delivered in political, administrative, judicial or academic assemblies, as well as in public meetings of a political nature and official ceremonies; d) Reproductions, in whole or in part, of graphic or plastic works of art intended to appear in the catalogue of a judicial sale carried out in Madagascar for copies made available to the public before the sale for the sole purpose of describing the works of art put up for sale; 4. Parody, pastiche and caricature, taking into account the laws of the genre.