Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Dahir n° 1-69-135 du 25 joumada I 1390 (29 juillet 1970) relatif à la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques.
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Current rationale
Morocco's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was the 1970 Dahir (Dahir n° 1-69-135 of 29 July 1970) on the protection of literary and artistic works. This law contained exceptions including private use and quotation provisions modeled on the Berne Convention. However, I was unable to retrieve and verify the full statutory text of the 1970 law via web search. The 1970 law was replaced by Law No. 2-00 in 2000. Without access to the verified text of the 1970 law's exception provisions, the classification must be AMBIGUOUS. The 1970 law is known to have contained a private reproduction exception and a quotation exception, but the precise scope (whether full works were permitted, whether sharing was covered) cannot be confirmed from the statutory text.
Exceptions considered
Private use exception — reported to permit reproduction for private use of the copier. Exact scope unverified.
Quotation exception — reported to permit short quotations for criticism, review, or illustration. Exact scope unverified.
Law changes
Dahir n° 1-69-135 du 25 joumada I 1390 (29 juillet 1970) relatif à la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques
Baseline · Effective 1970-07-29
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Relevant section: Article 12
Dates: Effective 1970-07-29 · Enacted 1970-07-29
Why this score
Morocco's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was the 1970 Dahir (Dahir n° 1-69-135 of 29 July 1970) on the protection of literary and artistic works. This law contained exceptions including private use and quotation provisions modeled on the Berne Convention. However, I was unable to retrieve and verify the full statutory text of the 1970 law via web search. The 1970 law was replaced by Law No. 2-00 in 2000. Without access to the verified text of the 1970 law's exception provisions, the classification must be AMBIGUOUS. The 1970 law is known to have contained a private reproduction exception and a quotation exception, but the precise scope (whether full works were permitted, whether sharing was covered) cannot be confirmed from the statutory text.
Exceptions considered
Private use exception — reported to permit reproduction for private use of the copier. Exact scope unverified.
Quotation exception — reported to permit short quotations for criticism, review, or illustration. Exact scope unverified.
Loi n° 2-00 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins (promulguée par le Dahir n° 1-00-20 du 9 dhul-qa'dah 1420 (15 février 2000))
Relevant update · Effective 2000-02-15
20%
Relevant section: Articles 12, 13, 14, 15
Dates: Effective 2000-02-15 · Enacted 2000-02-15
Why this score
Law No. 2-00 replaced the 1970 Dahir entirely. Article 13(1°) provides a private and personal use exception covering reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation — but explicitly excludes: (a) architectural works as buildings, (b) reprographic reproduction of an entire book or musical work in graphic form, (c) whole or substantial part of a digital database, (d) computer programs. This means full-work reproduction is permitted for some categories of works (e.g., articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but NOT for entire books (reprographically), musical scores, databases, computer programs, or architectural works. The exception is limited to private and personal use (individual user restriction) and does not cover communication/sharing. The quotation exception (Art. 13(2°)) is limited to excerpts (RED). The educational illustration exception (Art. 13(3°)) covers 'use' (broader than reproduction) but is limited to teaching illustration, not research per se. Evaluating the most permissive exception for research: Art. 13(1°) permits reproduction of full works of certain types but excludes entire books (reprographically), musical scores, databases, and computer programs. This is ORANGE because full-work reproduction is available for at least some types of works but specific categories are carved out. The private/personal user restriction would normally suggest LIGHT BLUE, but the work-type exclusions are more restrictive (ORANGE is below LIGHT BLUE in the hierarchy). The compound restriction means the most restrictive element governs: ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Private and personal use: reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation exclusively for private and personal use, not for collective use. Excludes architectural works as buildings, reprographic reproduction of entire books or musical scores, whole/substantial part of digital databases, computer programs.
Quotation from lawfully published work, conforming to fair practice, to extent justified by purpose, with attribution.
Use of work by way of illustration for teaching in publications, broadcasts, or recordings, to extent justified by purpose, with attribution.
Original text
Article 12 : Sous réserve des dispositions des articles 13, 14, 15, 16 et 17 ci-dessous, l'auteur jouit du droit exclusif de faire ou d'autoriser la reproduction, la communication au public et la distribution de son œuvre. Article 13 : Sont licites, sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans paiement d'une rémunération, les utilisations ci-après d'une œuvre licitement publiée : 1° la reproduction, la traduction, l'adaptation, l'arrangement ou autre transformation d'une telle œuvre, exclusivement pour l'usage privé et personnel de celui qui la fait et non destinée à une utilisation collective, à l'exception : a) d'une œuvre d'architecture se présentant sous forme de bâtiment ou autre construction ; b) de la reproduction reprographique d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale sous forme graphique ; c) de la totalité ou d'une partie substantielle d'une base de données sous forme numérique ; d) de la reproduction d'un programme d'ordinateur, sauf dans les cas prévus à l'article 16 ; e) de toute reproduction d'une œuvre qui porterait atteinte à l'exploitation normale de l'œuvre ou causerait un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l'auteur ; 2° la citation tirée d'une œuvre licitement publiée, à condition qu'elle soit conforme aux bons usages et dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre, y compris les citations d'articles de journaux et de recueils périodiques sous forme de revues de presse, à condition d'indiquer la source et le nom de l'auteur si ce nom figure dans la source ; 3° l'utilisation d'une œuvre à titre d'illustration dans des publications, des émissions de radiodiffusion ou des enregistrements sonores ou visuels destinés à l'enseignement, dans la mesure justifiée par le but à atteindre, à condition qu'une telle utilisation soit conforme aux bons usages et que soient indiqués la source et le nom de l'auteur si ce nom figure dans la source ;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 12: Subject to the provisions of Articles 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 below, the author enjoys the exclusive right to make or authorize the reproduction, communication to the public and distribution of his work. Article 13: The following uses of a lawfully published work are lawful, without the consent of the author and without payment of remuneration: 1° the reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation of such a work, exclusively for the private and personal use of the person who makes it and not intended for collective use, with the exception of: (a) a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a musical work in graphic form; (c) the whole or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (d) the reproduction of a computer program, except in the cases provided for in Article 16; (e) any reproduction of a work that would prejudice the normal exploitation of the work or cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the author; 2° quotation from a lawfully published work, provided that it conforms to fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose to be achieved, including quotations from newspaper articles and periodical collections in the form of press reviews, provided that the source and the name of the author are indicated if that name appears in the source; 3° the use of a work by way of illustration in publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings intended for teaching, to the extent justified by the purpose to be achieved, provided that such use conforms to fair practice and that the source and the name of the author are indicated if that name appears in the source;
Source links
Loi n° 34-05 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 2-00 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins (promulguée par le Dahir n° 1-05-192 du 15 moharrem 1427 (14 février 2006))
Relevant update · Effective 2006-02-14
20%
Relevant section: Articles 13, 14, 15 (as amended)
Dates: Effective 2006-02-14 · Enacted 2006-02-14
Why this score
Law No. 34-05 of 2006 amended and supplemented Law No. 2-00. Based on available information, this amendment primarily strengthened enforcement provisions and added provisions related to technological protection measures and rights management information, in line with WIPO Internet Treaties obligations. The core exceptions in Article 13 (private and personal use with the same carve-outs for entire books, musical scores, databases, and computer programs) remained substantively the same. The private use exception continued to exclude reprographic reproduction of entire books and musical works in graphic form, databases, and computer programs. No new research-specific or TDM exception was added. The classification therefore remains ORANGE for the same reasons as the previous event: full-work reproduction is permitted for some types of works but not for entire books (reprographically), musical scores, databases, or computer programs.
Exceptions considered
Private and personal use: reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation exclusively for private and personal use, not for collective use. Same carve-outs as original: architectural works, entire books (reprographic), musical scores, digital databases, computer programs.
Quotation exception with fair practice and attribution requirements.
Illustration for teaching exception.
Source links
Loi n° 79-12 complétant la loi n° 2-00 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins (promulguée par Dahir n° 1-14-97 du 20 rejeb 1435 (20 mai 2014))
Relevant update · Effective 2014-05-20
20%
Relevant section: Articles 13, 15 (as supplemented)
Dates: Effective 2014-05-20 · Enacted 2014-05-20
Why this score
Law No. 79-12 of 2014 supplemented Law No. 2-00. Based on available information, this law added provisions related to exceptions for persons with disabilities (implementing the Marrakesh Treaty) and strengthened certain enforcement mechanisms. The core private use exception in Article 13(1°) with its carve-outs for entire books, musical scores, databases, and computer programs remained unchanged. No new research-specific or TDM exception was introduced. The classification remains ORANGE: full-work reproduction is permitted for some types of works under the private use exception, but entire books (reprographic), musical scores, databases, and computer programs remain excluded.
Exceptions considered
Private and personal use exception with same carve-outs as before (entire books reprographically, musical scores, databases, computer programs, architectural works).
Quotation exception.
Illustration for teaching exception.
Exception for persons with disabilities — permits accessible format copies. Not directly a research exception but noted for completeness.
Source links
Loi n° 66-19 modifiant et complétant la loi n° 2-00 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins (promulguée par le Dahir n° 1-22-35 du 23 chaoual 1443 (24 mai 2022))
Relevant update · Effective 2022-06-20
20%
Relevant section: Articles 13, 15 (as amended)
Dates: Effective 2022-06-20 · Enacted 2022-05-24
Why this score
Law No. 66-19 of 2022 amended and supplemented Law No. 2-00. Based on available information from WIPO Lex and secondary sources, this amendment addressed digital environment issues, collective management of rights, and enforcement mechanisms. It did not introduce a TDM-specific exception or a new general research exception. The core private use exception in Article 13(1°) with its carve-outs remained substantively the same. The classification remains ORANGE for the same reasons: full-work reproduction is permitted for some types of works under the private use exception, but entire books (reprographic), musical scores, databases, and computer programs remain excluded. No TDM exception was added.
Exceptions considered
Private and personal use exception with same carve-outs (entire books reprographically, musical scores, databases, computer programs, architectural works).
Quotation exception.
Illustration for teaching exception.
Source links
Loi n° 2-00 relative aux droits d'auteur et droits voisins (telle que modifiée par les lois n° 34-05, 79-12 et 66-19)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2022-06-20
20%
Relevant section: Article 13(1°), 13(2°), 13(3°)
Dates: Effective 2022-06-20
Why this score
As of 2025, Morocco's copyright law (Law No. 2-00, as amended through Law No. 66-19 of 2022) contains the following research-relevant exceptions: (1) Article 13(1°) — private and personal use exception permitting reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation exclusively for private and personal use, but excluding: architectural works as buildings, reprographic reproduction of entire books, musical works in graphic form, whole/substantial part of digital databases, and computer programs. (2) Article 13(2°) — quotation exception limited to excerpts. (3) Article 13(3°) — illustration for teaching, not specifically for research. There is no general fair use, fair dealing, or TDM-specific exception. The most permissive exception for research is Art. 13(1°). Analysis of three dimensions: USES — covers reproduction and transformation but NOT communication/sharing/distribution (private use only); WORKS — excludes entire books (reprographic), musical scores, databases, computer programs, and architectural works; USERS — restricted to private and personal use (individual only). The work-type exclusions are the most restrictive element. Full-work reproduction is permitted for some types of works (e.g., journal articles, photographs, audiovisual works, sound recordings) but not for entire books (reprographically), musical scores, databases, or computer programs. This maps to ORANGE. The private/personal user restriction (LIGHT BLUE) and the lack of sharing (BLUE) are less restrictive than the work-type exclusions (ORANGE) in the hierarchy. Non-commercial restriction and three-step-test language in Art. 13(1°)(e) are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Private and personal use: reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation exclusively for private and personal use, not for collective use. Excludes: architectural works as buildings, reprographic reproduction of entire books, musical works in graphic form, whole/substantial part of digital databases, computer programs.
Quotation from lawfully published work, conforming to fair practice, to extent justified by purpose, with attribution. Limited to excerpts/quotations.
Use of work by way of illustration for teaching in publications, broadcasts, or recordings, to extent justified by purpose, with attribution. Limited to teaching illustration, not research.
Exception for accessible format copies for persons with disabilities. Not a research exception.
Original text
Article 13 : Sont licites, sans le consentement de l'auteur et sans paiement d'une rémunération, les utilisations ci-après d'une œuvre licitement publiée : 1° la reproduction, la traduction, l'adaptation, l'arrangement ou autre transformation d'une telle œuvre, exclusivement pour l'usage privé et personnel de celui qui la fait et non destinée à une utilisation collective, à l'exception : a) d'une œuvre d'architecture se présentant sous forme de bâtiment ou autre construction ; b) de la reproduction reprographique d'un livre entier ou d'une œuvre musicale sous forme graphique ; c) de la totalité ou d'une partie substantielle d'une base de données sous forme numérique ; d) de la reproduction d'un programme d'ordinateur, sauf dans les cas prévus à l'article 16 ; e) de toute reproduction d'une œuvre qui porterait atteinte à l'exploitation normale de l'œuvre ou causerait un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l'auteur ;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 13: The following uses of a lawfully published work are lawful, without the consent of the author and without payment of remuneration: 1° the reproduction, translation, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation of such a work, exclusively for the private and personal use of the person who makes it and not intended for collective use, with the exception of: (a) a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a musical work in graphic form; (c) the whole or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (d) the reproduction of a computer program, except in the cases provided for in Article 16; (e) any reproduction of a work that would prejudice the normal exploitation of the work or cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the author;