Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta (sebagaimana diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1987 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1997).
60%
Current rationale
The law in force on 1990-01-01 was Law No. 6 of 1982 on Copyright, as amended by Law No. 7 of 1987. The full statutory text of the 1982/1987 version could not be retrieved and verified via web search. Based on the WIPO Lex record confirming the existence of Law No. 6 of 1982 as amended by Law No. 7 of 1987, and based on the known structure of Indonesian copyright law which carried forward into the 2002 law, the 1982/1987 law contained provisions permitting private use/reproduction for personal purposes (including research and education) but did not contain a broad fair use or fair dealing clause open to all users. The exceptions were oriented toward private/personal use and quotation. Without the verified verbatim text, the classification is based on the known legislative pattern: private reproduction for personal use including research, restricted to individuals. This yields LIGHT BLUE. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, copy limits) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Quotation from works of others for purposes of writing, discussion, criticism, with attribution — limited to excerpts/quotations
Reproduction for private/personal use including private study and research — restricted to individual/private use
Law changes
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta (sebagaimana diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1987 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1997)
Baseline · Effective 1987-09-19
60%
Relevant section: Pasal 14, Pasal 15
Dates: Effective 1987-09-19 · Enacted 1987-09-19
Why this score
The law in force on 1990-01-01 was Law No. 6 of 1982 on Copyright, as amended by Law No. 7 of 1987. The full statutory text of the 1982/1987 version could not be retrieved and verified via web search. Based on the WIPO Lex record confirming the existence of Law No. 6 of 1982 as amended by Law No. 7 of 1987, and based on the known structure of Indonesian copyright law which carried forward into the 2002 law, the 1982/1987 law contained provisions permitting private use/reproduction for personal purposes (including research and education) but did not contain a broad fair use or fair dealing clause open to all users. The exceptions were oriented toward private/personal use and quotation. Without the verified verbatim text, the classification is based on the known legislative pattern: private reproduction for personal use including research, restricted to individuals. This yields LIGHT BLUE. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, copy limits) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Quotation from works of others for purposes of writing, discussion, criticism, with attribution — limited to excerpts/quotations
Reproduction for private/personal use including private study and research — restricted to individual/private use
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta
Relevant update · Effective 2003-07-29
100%
Relevant section: Pasal 15, Pasal 16
Dates: Effective 2003-07-29 · Enacted 2002-07-29
Why this score
Article 15(a) of Law No. 19 of 2002 provides a broad exception for 'penggunaan' (use) of works for the purposes of education, research, writing of scientific papers, preparation of reports, writing of criticism or review, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author and the source is cited. The term 'penggunaan' (use) is not limited to reproduction — it covers any type of use/exploitation of the work. The exception applies to any user (not restricted to individuals or institutions), covers all types of works (no category exclusions), and covers research purposes explicitly. The proportionality qualifier ('tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta') is a classification-neutral factor. Additionally, Article 15(e) provides a library/institutional exception for reproduction (excluding computer programs). The most permissive exception is Article 15(a), which covers use (any exclusive right) of works (all types) by any user for research. This maps to GREEN. Classification-neutral factors (source attribution requirement, proportionality qualifier) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Use of works for education, research, scientific writing, report preparation, criticism or review — any use, any work, any user, with source attribution and no prejudice to legitimate interests
Taking of works in whole or in part for lectures solely for educational and scientific purposes
Reproduction of works (other than computer programs) in a limited manner by public libraries, scientific/educational institutions, and non-commercial documentation centers for their activities
Making backup copies of computer programs by the owner for personal use
Original text
Pasal 15: Dengan syarat bahwa sumbernya harus disebutkan atau dicantumkan, tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta: a. penggunaan Ciptaan pihak lain untuk kepentingan pendidikan, penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, penyusunan laporan, penulisan kritik atau tinjauan suatu masalah dengan tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta; b. pengambilan Ciptaan pihak lain, baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian, guna keperluan pembelaan di dalam atau di luar Pengadilan; c. pengambilan Ciptaan pihak lain, baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian, guna keperluan: (i) ceramah yang semata-mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan; atau (ii) pertunjukan atau pementasan yang tidak dipungut bayaran dengan ketentuan tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta; d. perbanyakan suatu Ciptaan bidang ilmu pengetahuan, seni, dan sastra dalam huruf braille guna keperluan para tunanetra, kecuali jika Perbanyakan itu bersifat komersial; e. perbanyakan suatu Ciptaan selain Program Komputer, secara terbatas dengan cara atau alat apa pun atau proses yang serupa oleh perpustakaan umum, lembaga ilmu pengetahuan atau pendidikan, dan pusat dokumentasi yang nonkomersial semata-mata untuk keperluan aktivitasnya; f. perubahan yang dilakukan berdasarkan pertimbangan pelaksanaan teknis atas karya arsitektur, seperti Ciptaan bangunan; g. pembuatan salinan cadangan suatu Program Komputer oleh pemilik Program Komputer yang dilakukan semata-mata untuk digunakan sendiri.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 15: Provided that the source is mentioned or cited, the following shall not be considered as copyright infringement: a. the use of another party's Work for the purposes of education, research, writing of scientific papers, preparation of reports, writing of criticism or review of a problem, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author; b. the taking of another party's Work, in whole or in part, for the purposes of defense in or out of court; c. the taking of another party's Work, in whole or in part, for the purposes of: (i) lectures solely for educational and scientific purposes; or (ii) performances or shows for which no admission is charged, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author; d. the reproduction of a Work in the field of science, art, and literature in Braille for the needs of the visually impaired, unless such reproduction is commercial in nature; e. the reproduction of a Work other than a Computer Program, in a limited manner by any means or any similar process, by public libraries, scientific or educational institutions, and non-commercial documentation centers solely for the purposes of their activities; f. changes made on the basis of technical implementation considerations to architectural works, such as building Works; g. the making of backup copies of a Computer Program by the owner of the Computer Program solely for personal use.
Source links
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta
Relevant update · Effective 2014-10-16
100%
Relevant section: Pasal 44, Pasal 46, Pasal 47
Dates: Effective 2014-10-16 · Enacted 2014-10-16
Why this score
Article 44(1)(a) of Law No. 28 of 2014 provides a broad exception covering 'Penggunaan, pengambilan, Penggandaan, dan/atau pengubahan' (use, taking, reproduction, and/or alteration) of works 'secara seluruh atau sebagian yang substansial' (in whole or in substantial part) for the purposes of education, research, scientific writing, report preparation, criticism or review, provided the source is cited and it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author. This exception: (1) Uses: explicitly covers use, taking, reproduction, AND alteration — covering multiple exclusive rights including communication/sharing; (2) Works: applies to all types of works and related rights products with no category exclusions; (3) Users: open to any user, not restricted to individuals or institutions. The exception explicitly permits use of works 'in whole or in substantial part,' confirming full-work reproduction is permitted. This maps to GREEN. Article 46 provides a more restrictive personal reproduction exception (excluding books in whole, databases, computer programs, architectural works — which would be ORANGE standing alone). Article 47 provides a library exception. The most permissive exception is Article 44(1)(a). Classification-neutral factors (source attribution, proportionality qualifier) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Use, taking, reproduction, and/or alteration of works in whole or substantial part for education, research, scientific writing, report preparation, criticism or review — any use, any work, any user
Taking of works for lectures solely for educational and scientific purposes
Reproduction for personal purposes of published works, limited to 1 copy, excluding architectural works, whole books/musical notation, substantial parts of digital databases, and computer programs
Library/archival institution reproduction: 1 copy of a work or part of a work for educational or research purposes, or for preservation/replacement
Original text
Pasal 44 (1) Penggunaan, pengambilan, Penggandaan, dan/atau pengubahan suatu Ciptaan dan/atau produk Hak Terkait secara seluruh atau sebagian yang substansial tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta jika sumbernya disebutkan atau dicantumkan secara lengkap untuk keperluan: a. pendidikan, penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, penyusunan laporan, penulisan kritik atau tinjauan suatu masalah dengan tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta; b. keamanan serta penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, legislatif, dan peradilan; c. ceramah yang hanya untuk tujuan pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan; atau d. pertunjukan atau pementasan yang tidak dipungut bayaran dengan ketentuan tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta. (2) Fasilitasi akses atas suatu Ciptaan untuk penyandang tuna netra, penyandang kerusakan penglihatan atau keterbatasan dalam membaca, dan/atau pengguna huruf braille, buku audio, atau sarana lainnya, tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta jika sumbernya disebutkan atau dicantumkan secara lengkap, kecuali bersifat komersial. Pasal 46 (1) Penggandaan untuk kepentingan pribadi atas Ciptaan yang telah dilakukan Pengumuman hanya dapat dibuat sebanyak 1 (satu) salinan dan dapat dilakukan tanpa izin Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta. (2) Penggandaan untuk kepentingan pribadi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak mencakup: a. karya arsitektur dalam bentuk bangunan atau konstruksi lain; b. seluruh atau bagian yang substansial dari suatu buku atau notasi musik; c. seluruh atau bagian yang substansial dari database dalam bentuk digital; d. Program Komputer, kecuali sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 45 ayat (1); dan e. Penggandaan untuk kepentingan pribadi yang pelaksanaannya bertentangan dengan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta. Pasal 47 Setiap perpustakaan atau lembaga arsip yang tidak bertujuan komersial dapat membuat 1 (satu) salinan Ciptaan atau bagian Ciptaan tanpa izin Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta dengan cara: a. Penggandaan tulisan secara reprografi yang telah dilakukan Pengumuman, diringkas, atau dirangkum untuk memenuhi permintaan seseorang dengan syarat: 1. perpustakaan atau lembaga arsip menjamin bahwa salinan tersebut hanya akan digunakan untuk tujuan pendidikan atau penelitian; 2. Penggandaan tersebut dilakukan secara terpisah dan jika dilakukan secara berulang, Penggandaan tersebut harus merupakan kejadian yang tidak saling berhubungan; dan 3. tidak ada Lisensi yang ditawarkan oleh Lembaga Manajemen Kolektif kepada perpustakaan atau lembaga arsip sehubungan dengan karya yang digandakan. b. pembuatan salinan dilakukan untuk pemeliharaan, penggantian salinan yang diperlukan, atau penggantian salinan dalam hal salinan hilang atau rusak dari koleksi permanen di perpustakaan atau lembaga arsip lain.
English rendering
Article 44 (1) The use, taking, Reproduction, and/or alteration of a Work and/or Related Rights product in whole or in substantial part shall not be considered as copyright infringement if the source is mentioned or cited in full for the purposes of: a. education, research, writing of scientific papers, preparation of reports, writing of criticism or review of a problem, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author or Copyright Holder; b. security and the administration of government, legislative, and judicial affairs; c. lectures solely for educational and scientific purposes; or d. performances or shows for which no admission is charged, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author. (2) Facilitating access to a Work for persons who are blind, have visual impairment or reading limitations, and/or users of Braille, audio books, or other means, shall not be considered as copyright infringement if the source is mentioned or cited in full, unless it is commercial in nature. Article 46 (1) Reproduction for personal purposes of a Work that has been Published may only be made in 1 (one) copy and may be done without the permission of the Author or Copyright Holder. (2) Reproduction for personal purposes as referred to in paragraph (1) does not include: a. architectural works in the form of buildings or other constructions; b. the whole or a substantial part of a book or musical notation; c. the whole or a substantial part of a database in digital form; d. Computer Programs, except as referred to in Article 45 paragraph (1); and e. Reproduction for personal purposes the implementation of which conflicts with the legitimate interests of the Author or Copyright Holder. Article 47 Every library or archival institution that is not for commercial purposes may make 1 (one) copy of a Work or part of a Work without the permission of the Author or Copyright Holder by means of: a. reprographic reproduction of writings that have been Published, summarized, or compiled to fulfill a person's request, provided that: 1. the library or archival institution ensures that the copy will only be used for educational or research purposes; 2. the reproduction is done separately and if done repeatedly, such reproduction must be unrelated events; and 3. there is no License offered by a Collective Management Organization to the library or archival institution in connection with the work being reproduced. b. making copies for maintenance, replacement of necessary copies, or replacement of copies in the event copies are lost or damaged from the permanent collection of another library or archival institution.
Source links
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta
Current law confirmation · Effective 2014-10-16
100%
Relevant section: Pasal 44, Pasal 46, Pasal 47
Dates: Effective 2014-10-16 · Enacted 2014-10-16
Why this score
As of 2025, Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright remains in force with no subsequent amendments affecting the research-related exceptions. Article 44(1)(a) continues to provide the most permissive exception: it covers use, taking, reproduction, and alteration (multiple exclusive rights including communication/sharing) of works in whole or substantial part, for research purposes, open to any user, covering all types of works. No TDM-specific exception has been enacted. The classification remains GREEN based on Article 44(1)(a). Article 46 (personal reproduction with work-type exclusions) and Article 47 (library reproduction) remain in force but are less permissive. Classification-neutral factors (source attribution, proportionality qualifier, non-commercial restriction) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Use, taking, reproduction, and/or alteration of works in whole or substantial part for education, research, scientific writing, report preparation, criticism or review — any use, any work, any user
Taking of works for lectures solely for educational and scientific purposes
Reproduction for personal purposes of published works, limited to 1 copy, excluding architectural works, whole books/musical notation, substantial parts of digital databases, and computer programs
Library/archival institution reproduction: 1 copy of a work or part of a work for educational or research purposes, or for preservation/replacement
Original text
Pasal 44 (1) Penggunaan, pengambilan, Penggandaan, dan/atau pengubahan suatu Ciptaan dan/atau produk Hak Terkait secara seluruh atau sebagian yang substansial tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta jika sumbernya disebutkan atau dicantumkan secara lengkap untuk keperluan: a. pendidikan, penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, penyusunan laporan, penulisan kritik atau tinjauan suatu masalah dengan tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta;
English rendering
Article 44 (1) The use, taking, Reproduction, and/or alteration of a Work and/or Related Rights product in whole or in substantial part shall not be considered as copyright infringement if the source is mentioned or cited in full for the purposes of: a. education, research, writing of scientific papers, preparation of reports, writing of criticism or review of a problem, provided it does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the Author or Copyright Holder;