Selected year snapshot
For 2000, the active event in this file is Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo, de incorporación al Derecho español de la Directiva 96/9/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de marzo de 1996, sobre la protección jurídica de las bases de datos.
20%
Current rationale
Ley 5/1998 introduced Art. 34 specifically for databases. Art. 34.2 permits reproduction of databases for scientific research (non-commercial, with source indication). However, for electronic databases, private copying under Art. 31 was already excluded. The overall picture: Art. 31 permits private copy of full works except electronic databases and computer programs; Art. 34.2 permits reproduction of databases for scientific research. The most permissive general exception remains Art. 31 (private copy) which excludes certain work categories → ORANGE. Art. 34.2 adds a research-specific exception for databases but only covers reproduction, not sharing. The overall classification remains ORANGE because the private copy exception still excludes computer programs and electronic databases (though databases now have their own research exception under Art. 34.2, it is narrower in scope — limited to reproduction for scientific research).
Exceptions considered
Private copy of disclosed works by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases and computer programs
Quotation: fragments for teaching or research
Reproduction of databases for illustration of teaching or scientific research, non-commercial, with source indication
Reproduction by libraries/archives for research purposes without profit
Law changes
Ley 22/1987, de 11 de noviembre, de Propiedad Intelectual
Baseline · Effective 1988-01-11
60%
Relevant section: Art. 31, Art. 32, Art. 37
Dates: Effective 1988-01-11 · Enacted 1987-11-11
Why this score
Three relevant exceptions exist: (1) Art. 31 permits reproduction of a single copy of a disclosed work by a natural person for private use — this covers full works but is limited to individuals and does not cover sharing (LIGHT BLUE). (2) Art. 32 permits inclusion of 'fragments' of works for research/teaching as quotation — this is limited to fragments, not full works (RED individually). (3) Art. 37(1) permits reproduction by libraries/archives/museums for research purposes without profit — this is limited to specific institutions (PURPLE individually) but covers full works. The most permissive exception for a general researcher is Art. 31 (private use, full works, single copy, natural person, no commercial purpose). Art. 37 is more restrictive because it is limited to institutions. Art. 32 is limited to fragments. Art. 31 permits full-work reproduction but only for private use by individuals, with no sharing permitted. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, single-copy limit) were not factored into the color. The overall classification is LIGHT BLUE based on Art. 31.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of a single copy of a disclosed work by a natural person for private use, without commercial purposes
Inclusion of fragments of works for quotation, analysis, commentary or critical judgment, for teaching or research purposes
Reproduction by publicly-owned or cultural/scientific institution libraries, archives, museums for research purposes, without profit
Original text
Artículo 31. Reproducción sin autorización. No necesita autorización del autor la reproducción, en un solo ejemplar, de una obra ya divulgada, cuando se lleve a cabo por una persona física para su uso privado y sin fines directa ni indirectamente comerciales. Artículo 32. Citas y reseñas. Es lícita la inclusión en una obra propia de fragmentos de otras ajenas de naturaleza escrita, sonora o audiovisual, así como la de obras aisladas de carácter plástico, fotográfico, figurativo o análogo, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y su inclusión se realice a título de cita o para su análisis, comentario o juicio crítico. Tal utilización sólo podrá realizarse con fines docentes o de investigación, en la medida justificada por el fin de esa incorporación e indicando la fuente y el nombre del autor de la obra utilizada. Artículo 37. 1. Los titulares de los derechos de autor no podrán oponerse a las reproducciones de las obras, cuando aquéllas se realicen sin finalidad lucrativa por los museos, bibliotecas, fonotecas, filmotecas, hemerotecas o archivos, de titularidad pública o integradas en instituciones de carácter cultural o científico, y la reproducción se realice exclusivamente para fines de investigación.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 31. Reproduction without authorization. Authorization of the author is not required for the reproduction, in a single copy, of a work already disclosed, when carried out by a natural person for private use and without directly or indirectly commercial purposes. Article 32. Quotations and reviews. The inclusion in one's own work of fragments of other written, sound or audiovisual works, as well as isolated works of a plastic, photographic, figurative or analogous nature, is lawful, provided that the works have already been disclosed and their inclusion is made by way of quotation or for analysis, commentary or critical judgment. Such use may only be made for teaching or research purposes, to the extent justified by the purpose of the incorporation, and indicating the source and the name of the author of the work used. Article 37. 1. The holders of copyright may not oppose reproductions of works when such reproductions are made without profit by museums, libraries, sound archives, film archives, newspaper archives or archives, publicly owned or forming part of institutions of a cultural or scientific nature, and the reproduction is made exclusively for research purposes.
Source links
Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
Relevant update · Effective 1996-05-12
20%
Relevant section: Art. 31, Art. 32, Art. 37
Dates: Effective 1996-05-12 · Enacted 1996-04-12
Why this score
The consolidated text (TRLPI) as amended through various reforms introduced exclusions to the private copy exception in Art. 31.2: electronic databases and computer programs are excluded. This means a researcher can reproduce full works for private use EXCEPT databases and computer programs. Art. 32 continues to permit only fragments for quotation/research. Art. 37 continues to permit institutional reproduction for research. The most permissive exception for a general researcher is Art. 31.2 (private copy), which now permits full-work reproduction for private use by natural persons but excludes electronic databases and computer programs — specific categories of works are carved out. This maps to ORANGE. Classification-neutral factors (equitable compensation, lawful access requirement, single-copy norms) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Private copy: reproduction on any medium of disclosed works by a natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases, computer programs, and certain on-demand works
Quotation: inclusion of fragments of works for quotation, analysis, commentary, teaching or research purposes
Reproduction by publicly-owned or cultural/scientific institution libraries, archives, museums for research purposes, without profit
Original text
Artículo 31. Reproducciones provisionales y copia privada. 1. No requerirán autorización del autor los actos de reproducción provisional a los que se refiere el artículo 18 que, además de carecer por sí mismos de una significación económica independiente, sean transitorios o accesorios y formen parte integrante y esencial de un proceso tecnológico y cuya única finalidad consista en facilitar bien una transmisión en red entre terceras partes por un intermediario, bien una utilización lícita, entendiendo por tal la autorizada por el autor o por la ley. 2. No necesita autorización del autor la reproducción, en cualquier soporte, de obras ya divulgadas cuando se lleve a cabo por una persona física para su uso privado a partir de obras a las que haya accedido legalmente y la copia obtenida no sea objeto de una utilización colectiva ni lucrativa, sin perjuicio de la compensación equitativa prevista en el artículo 25, que deberá tener en cuenta si se aplican a tales obras las medidas a las que se refiere el artículo 161. Quedan excluidas de lo dispuesto en este apartado: a) Las reproducciones de obras que se hayan puesto a disposición del público conforme al artículo 20.2.i), de tal forma que cualquier persona pueda acceder a ellas desde el lugar y en el momento que elija, autorizándose, con arreglo a lo convenido por contrato, y en su caso, mediante pago de precio, la reproducción de la obra. b) Las bases de datos electrónicas. c) Los programas de ordenador.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 31. Provisional reproductions and private copying. 1. Authorization of the author shall not be required for acts of provisional reproduction referred to in Article 18 which, in addition to lacking independent economic significance of their own, are transitory or accessory and form an integral and essential part of a technological process and whose sole purpose is to facilitate either a transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or a lawful use, understood as one authorized by the author or by law. 2. Authorization of the author is not required for the reproduction, on any medium, of works already disclosed when carried out by a natural person for private use from works to which the person has had lawful access and the copy obtained is not the object of collective or commercial use, without prejudice to the equitable compensation provided for in Article 25. The following are excluded from this paragraph: (a) Reproductions of works made available to the public under Article 20.2.i) in such a way that any person may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen, where reproduction is authorized under contract and, where applicable, upon payment of a price. (b) Electronic databases. (c) Computer programs.
Source links
Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo, de incorporación al Derecho español de la Directiva 96/9/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de marzo de 1996, sobre la protección jurídica de las bases de datos
Relevant update · Effective 1998-03-08
20%
Relevant section: Art. 34 (new), Art. 135 (new)
Dates: Effective 1998-03-08 · Enacted 1998-03-06
Why this score
Ley 5/1998 introduced Art. 34 specifically for databases. Art. 34.2 permits reproduction of databases for scientific research (non-commercial, with source indication). However, for electronic databases, private copying under Art. 31 was already excluded. The overall picture: Art. 31 permits private copy of full works except electronic databases and computer programs; Art. 34.2 permits reproduction of databases for scientific research. The most permissive general exception remains Art. 31 (private copy) which excludes certain work categories → ORANGE. Art. 34.2 adds a research-specific exception for databases but only covers reproduction, not sharing. The overall classification remains ORANGE because the private copy exception still excludes computer programs and electronic databases (though databases now have their own research exception under Art. 34.2, it is narrower in scope — limited to reproduction for scientific research).
Exceptions considered
Private copy of disclosed works by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases and computer programs
Quotation: fragments for teaching or research
Reproduction of databases for illustration of teaching or scientific research, non-commercial, with source indication
Reproduction by libraries/archives for research purposes without profit
Original text
Artículo 34. Utilización de bases de datos por el usuario legítimo y limitaciones a los derechos de explotación. 1. El usuario legítimo de una base de datos protegida en virtud del artículo 12 de esta Ley, o de una copia de la misma, podrá efectuar, sin la autorización del autor de la base, todos los actos que sean necesarios para el acceso al contenido de la base de datos y a su utilización normal por el propio usuario, aunque estén afectados por cualquier derecho exclusivo de dicho autor. En la medida en que el usuario legítimo esté autorizado a utilizar sólo una parte de la base de datos, esta disposición será aplicable únicamente a dicha parte. 2. No se necesitará la autorización del autor de la base de datos que se haya divulgado, cuando la reproducción se realice con fines privados, de una base de datos no electrónica; cuando la reproducción se haga con fines de ilustración de la enseñanza o de investigación científica, siempre que se indique la fuente y en la medida justificada por el objetivo no comercial que se persiga; cuando se trate de una reproducción para fines de seguridad pública o a efectos de un procedimiento administrativo o judicial.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 34. Use of databases by the legitimate user and limitations on exploitation rights. 1. The legitimate user of a database protected under Article 12 of this Law, or of a copy thereof, may carry out, without the authorization of the author of the database, all acts necessary for access to the contents of the database and its normal use by the user, even if affected by any exclusive right of said author. To the extent that the legitimate user is authorized to use only part of the database, this provision shall apply only to that part. 2. Authorization of the author of a disclosed database shall not be required when: reproduction is for private purposes of a non-electronic database; when reproduction is for illustration of teaching or scientific research, provided the source is indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial objective pursued; when reproduction is for public security purposes or for administrative or judicial proceedings.
Source links
Ley 23/2006, de 7 de julio, por la que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
Relevant update · Effective 2006-07-29
20%
Relevant section: Art. 31, Art. 32, Art. 37
Dates: Effective 2006-07-29 · Enacted 2006-07-07
Why this score
Ley 23/2006 transposed EU Directive 2001/29/EC (InfoSoc Directive). It restructured Art. 31 into two paragraphs (provisional reproductions and private copy), explicitly codifying the exclusions for electronic databases, computer programs, and certain on-demand works. Art. 37 was expanded to add paragraph 3 (on-premises terminal consultation for research). Art. 32 was also amended. The most permissive exception for a general researcher remains Art. 31.2 (private copy), which permits full-work reproduction by natural persons for private use but excludes electronic databases, computer programs, and certain on-demand works. These work-category exclusions mean ORANGE. Art. 37 (institutional, PURPLE) and Art. 32 (fragments/quotation, RED) are less permissive. Classification-neutral factors (equitable compensation, lawful access) not factored into color.
Exceptions considered
Private copy: reproduction on any medium by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases, computer programs, and certain on-demand works
Quotation and illustration for teaching/research: fragments of works, with source indication
Reproduction of databases for scientific research, non-commercial, with source indication
Reproduction by public/cultural/scientific libraries, archives, museums for research or conservation, without profit
Communication/making available of works for research via closed internal network on specialized terminals in library/archive premises
Original text
Artículo 31. Reproducciones provisionales y copia privada. 2. No necesita autorización del autor la reproducción, en cualquier soporte, de obras ya divulgadas cuando se lleve a cabo por una persona física para su uso privado a partir de obras a las que haya accedido legalmente y la copia obtenida no sea objeto de una utilización colectiva ni lucrativa, sin perjuicio de la compensación equitativa prevista en el artículo 25, que deberá tener en cuenta si se aplican a tales obras las medidas a las que se refiere el artículo 161. Quedan excluidas de lo dispuesto en este apartado: a) Las reproducciones de obras que se hayan puesto a disposición del público conforme al artículo 20.2.i), de tal forma que cualquier persona pueda acceder a ellas desde el lugar y en el momento que elija, autorizándose, con arreglo a lo convenido por contrato, y en su caso, mediante pago de precio, la reproducción de la obra. b) Las bases de datos electrónicas. c) Los programas de ordenador. Artículo 37. Reproducción, préstamo y consulta de obras mediante terminales especializados en determinados establecimientos. 1. Los titulares de los derechos de autor no podrán oponerse a las reproducciones de las obras, cuando aquéllas se realicen sin finalidad lucrativa por los museos, bibliotecas, fonotecas, filmotecas, hemerotecas o archivos de titularidad pública o integradas en instituciones de carácter cultural o científico y la reproducción se realice exclusivamente para fines de investigación o conservación. 3. No necesitará autorización del autor la comunicación de obras o su puesta a disposición de personas concretas del público a efectos de investigación cuando se realice mediante red cerrada e interna a través de terminales especializados instalados a tal efecto en los locales de los establecimientos citados en el anterior apartado y siempre que tales obras figuren en las colecciones del propio establecimiento y no sean objeto de condiciones de adquisición o de licencia.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 31. Provisional reproductions and private copying. 2. Authorization of the author is not required for the reproduction, on any medium, of works already disclosed when carried out by a natural person for private use from works to which the person has had lawful access and the copy obtained is not the object of collective or commercial use, without prejudice to the equitable compensation provided for in Article 25. The following are excluded: (a) Reproductions of works made available to the public under Article 20.2.i) so that any person may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen, where reproduction is authorized under contract and, where applicable, upon payment of a price. (b) Electronic databases. (c) Computer programs. Article 37. Reproduction, lending and consultation of works through specialized terminals in certain establishments. 1. The holders of copyright may not oppose reproductions of works when such reproductions are made without profit by museums, libraries, sound archives, film archives, newspaper archives or archives publicly owned or forming part of institutions of a cultural or scientific nature and the reproduction is made exclusively for research or conservation purposes. 3. Authorization of the author shall not be required for the communication of works or their making available to specific persons of the public for research purposes when carried out through a closed internal network via specialized terminals installed for that purpose in the premises of the establishments referred to in the preceding paragraph and provided that such works are part of the collections of the establishment itself and are not subject to acquisition or licensing conditions.
Source links
Ley 21/2014, de 4 de noviembre, por la que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
Relevant update · Effective 2015-01-01
20%
Relevant section: Art. 32, Art. 37
Dates: Effective 2015-01-01 · Enacted 2014-11-04
Why this score
Ley 21/2014 significantly reformed Art. 32. The new Art. 32.3 created a specific exception for university and public research organization personnel for scientific research, covering reproduction, distribution, and communication to the public — but only of 'small fragments' (pequeños fragmentos) of works and isolated plastic/photographic works. This is limited to excerpts, not full works, so individually it would be RED. Art. 32.1 (quotation/fragments for research) remains RED. Art. 32.2 (aggregation/press snippets) is not research-relevant. The most permissive exception for a general researcher remains Art. 31.2 (private copy excluding databases, computer programs, certain on-demand works) → ORANGE. Art. 32.3 is notable because it covers sharing (distribution and communication) but only of small fragments, so it does not upgrade the overall classification. The overall color remains ORANGE.
Exceptions considered
Private copy: reproduction on any medium by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases, computer programs, and certain on-demand works
Quotation: inclusion of fragments of works for quotation, analysis, commentary, teaching or research
Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments by university/public research organization personnel for scientific research
Reproduction of databases for scientific research, non-commercial
Reproduction by public/cultural/scientific libraries, archives, museums for research or conservation
Communication via closed internal network on specialized terminals in library/archive premises for research
Original text
Artículo 32. Citas y reseñas e ilustración con fines educativos o de investigación científica. 1. Es lícita la inclusión en una obra propia de fragmentos de otras ajenas de naturaleza escrita, sonora o audiovisual, así como la de obras aisladas de carácter plástico o fotográfico figurativo, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y su inclusión se realice a título de cita o para su análisis, comentario o juicio crítico. Tal utilización sólo podrá realizarse con fines docentes o de investigación, en la medida justificada por el fin de esa incorporación e indicando la fuente y el nombre del autor de la obra utilizada. 2. La puesta a disposición del público por parte de prestadores de servicios electrónicos de agregación de contenidos de fragmentos no significativos de contenidos, divulgados en publicaciones periódicas o en sitios Web de actualización periódica y que tengan una finalidad informativa, de creación de opinión pública o de entretenimiento, no requerirá autorización, sin perjuicio del derecho del editor o, en su caso, de otros titulares de derechos a percibir una compensación equitativa... 3. El profesorado de la educación reglada impartida en centros integrados en el sistema educativo español y el personal de Universidades y Organismos Públicos de investigación en sus funciones de investigación científica, no necesitarán autorización del autor o editor para realizar actos de reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública de pequeños fragmentos de obras y de obras aisladas de carácter plástico o fotográfico figurativo, excluidas las compilaciones o agrupaciones de fragmentos de obras o de obras aisladas de carácter plástico o fotográfico figurativo...
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 32. Quotations and reviews and illustration for educational or scientific research purposes. 1. The inclusion in one's own work of fragments of other written, sound or audiovisual works, as well as isolated works of a plastic or figurative photographic nature, is lawful, provided that the works have already been disclosed and their inclusion is made by way of quotation or for analysis, commentary or critical judgment. Such use may only be made for teaching or research purposes, to the extent justified by the purpose of the incorporation, and indicating the source and the name of the author of the work used. 2. The making available to the public by electronic content aggregation service providers of non-significant fragments of content disclosed in periodical publications or on periodically updated websites for informational, opinion-forming or entertainment purposes shall not require authorization... 3. Teaching staff of regulated education provided in centers integrated in the Spanish educational system and personnel of Universities and Public Research Organizations in their scientific research functions shall not need authorization from the author or publisher to carry out acts of reproduction, distribution and communication to the public of small fragments of works and of isolated works of a plastic or figurative photographic nature, excluding compilations or groupings of fragments...
Source links
Real Decreto-ley 24/2021, de 2 de noviembre, de transposición de directivas de la Unión Europea en las que se modifican diversas leyes
Relevant update · Effective 2021-11-04
20%
Relevant section: Art. 67 (new), Art. 32.1, Art. 37
Dates: Effective 2021-11-04 · Enacted 2021-11-02
Why this score
RDL 24/2021 transposed EU Directives 2019/790 (DSM Directive) and 2019/789 into Spanish law. It introduced Art. 67 (TDM for research organizations and cultural heritage institutions — reproduction and extraction only, not communication/sharing, limited to specific institutions → PURPLE individually) and Art. 67 bis (general TDM exception for any user — reproduction and extraction, but subject to rights-holder opt-out, and covers only reproduction/extraction, not communication → BLUE individually). Neither TDM provision explicitly covers communication/sharing of results beyond retention of copies. The most permissive exception overall: Art. 67 bis permits reproduction and extraction of full works (including databases and computer programs) by any user for TDM, which is broader than Art. 31.2 (which excludes databases and computer programs). However, Art. 67 bis only covers reproduction and extraction, not sharing/communication. Art. 67 bis applies to all works and all users (subject to opt-out) but only reproduction → BLUE. This is more permissive than ORANGE (Art. 31.2 which excluded work categories). However, Art. 67 bis is subject to rights-holder opt-out for online content, which is a significant limitation. Still, the opt-out is a classification-neutral proportionality qualifier and does not change the color per the rules. Art. 67 bis covers reproduction of full works by any user → BLUE. Reassessing: Art. 67 bis permits 'reproductions and extractions' of works for TDM by any user with lawful access. It covers all types of works. It does not cover communication/sharing. It is open to any user. This is BLUE (reproduction of full works, all works, all users, no sharing). This is more permissive than ORANGE. The overall classification upgrades to BLUE.
Exceptions considered
General TDM exception: reproductions and extractions of works for text and data mining by any user with lawful access, subject to rights-holder opt-out
TDM for research: reproductions and extractions by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions for scientific research TDM, no opt-out, contract override protection
Private copy: reproduction by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases, computer programs, certain on-demand works
Quotation: fragments for teaching or research
Small fragments for scientific research by university/public research organization personnel
Reproduction of databases for scientific research
Reproduction by libraries/archives for research or conservation
Communication via closed internal network on specialized terminals for research
Original text
Artículo 67. Minería de textos y datos. 1. Se permitirán las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas por organismos de investigación y por instituciones responsables del patrimonio cultural, con el fin de realizar minería de textos y datos de obras u otras prestaciones a las que tengan acceso lícito con fines de investigación científica. 2. Las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas conforme a lo dispuesto en el apartado anterior podrán conservarse con fines de investigación científica, incluida la verificación de los resultados de la investigación. 3. Cualquier disposición contractual contraria a la excepción prevista en este artículo carecerá de efecto. Artículo 67 bis. Excepción de minería de textos y datos. 1. Se permitirán las reproducciones y extracciones de obras y otras prestaciones a las que se haya accedido lícitamente con el fin de realizar minería de textos y datos. 2. Las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas en virtud del apartado anterior podrán conservarse durante el tiempo necesario a los fines de la minería de textos y datos. 3. La excepción prevista en el apartado 1 se aplicará a condición de que los titulares de derechos no hayan reservado de manera adecuada el uso de las obras y otras prestaciones a que se refiere dicho apartado, en particular mediante procedimientos de lectura mecánica en el caso de contenidos puestos a disposición del público en línea. 4. El presente artículo no afectará a la aplicación del artículo 67.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 67. Text and data mining. 1. Reproductions and extractions carried out by research organizations and by cultural heritage institutions shall be permitted, for the purpose of text and data mining of works or other subject matter to which they have lawful access for the purposes of scientific research. 2. Reproductions and extractions made in accordance with the preceding paragraph may be retained for scientific research purposes, including verification of research results. 3. Any contractual provision contrary to the exception provided for in this article shall be without effect. Article 67 bis. Text and data mining exception. 1. Reproductions and extractions of works and other subject matter to which lawful access has been obtained shall be permitted for the purpose of text and data mining. 2. Reproductions and extractions made under the preceding paragraph may be retained for the time necessary for the purposes of text and data mining. 3. The exception provided for in paragraph 1 shall apply on condition that the holders of rights have not adequately reserved the use of the works and other subject matter referred to in that paragraph, in particular by means of machine-readable procedures in the case of content made available to the public online. 4. This article shall not affect the application of Article 67.
Source links
Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996), versión consolidada vigente en 2025
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
80%
Relevant section: Art. 31.2, Art. 32, Art. 34.2, Art. 37, Art. 67, Art. 67 bis
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the consolidated TRLPI contains the following research-relevant exceptions: Art. 31.2 (private copy, excluding databases/computer programs/certain on-demand works — ORANGE); Art. 32.1 (quotation/fragments for research — RED); Art. 32.3 (small fragments for scientific research by university/public research personnel — RED); Art. 34.2 (database reproduction for scientific research — BLUE); Art. 37(1) (institutional reproduction for research — PURPLE); Art. 37(3) (on-premises terminal consultation for research — PURPLE); Art. 67 (TDM by research organizations/cultural heritage institutions — PURPLE); Art. 67 bis (general TDM for any user — BLUE). The most permissive exception is Art. 67 bis, which permits reproduction and extraction of full works of all types by any user with lawful access for TDM purposes. It does not cover communication/sharing. It applies to all works and all users (subject to opt-out). This maps to BLUE. Classification-neutral factors (opt-out mechanism, lawful access requirement, retention provisions) were not factored into the color. No broader fair use or fair dealing clause exists in Spanish law that would yield GREEN.
Exceptions considered
General TDM exception: reproductions and extractions of works for text and data mining by any user with lawful access, subject to rights-holder opt-out
TDM for research: reproductions and extractions by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions for scientific research, no opt-out, contract override
Private copy: reproduction by natural person for private use, excluding electronic databases, computer programs, certain on-demand works
Quotation: fragments for teaching or research
Small fragments for scientific research by university/public research organization personnel, covering reproduction, distribution and communication
Reproduction of databases for scientific research, non-commercial
Reproduction by libraries/archives for research or conservation
Communication via closed internal network on specialized terminals for research
Original text
Artículo 67. Minería de textos y datos. 1. Se permitirán las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas por organismos de investigación y por instituciones responsables del patrimonio cultural, con el fin de realizar minería de textos y datos de obras u otras prestaciones a las que tengan acceso lícito con fines de investigación científica. 2. Las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas conforme a lo dispuesto en el apartado anterior podrán conservarse con fines de investigación científica, incluida la verificación de los resultados de la investigación. 3. Cualquier disposición contractual contraria a la excepción prevista en este artículo carecerá de efecto. Artículo 67 bis. Excepción de minería de textos y datos. 1. Se permitirán las reproducciones y extracciones de obras y otras prestaciones a las que se haya accedido lícitamente con el fin de realizar minería de textos y datos. 2. Las reproducciones y extracciones realizadas en virtud del apartado anterior podrán conservarse durante el tiempo necesario a los fines de la minería de textos y datos. 3. La excepción prevista en el apartado 1 se aplicará a condición de que los titulares de derechos no hayan reservado de manera adecuada el uso de las obras y otras prestaciones a que se refiere dicho apartado, en particular mediante procedimientos de lectura mecánica en el caso de contenidos puestos a disposición del público en línea. 4. El presente artículo no afectará a la aplicación del artículo 67.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 67. Text and data mining. 1. Reproductions and extractions carried out by research organizations and by cultural heritage institutions shall be permitted, for the purpose of text and data mining of works or other subject matter to which they have lawful access for the purposes of scientific research. 2. Reproductions and extractions made in accordance with the preceding paragraph may be retained for scientific research purposes, including verification of research results. 3. Any contractual provision contrary to the exception provided for in this article shall be without effect. Article 67 bis. Text and data mining exception. 1. Reproductions and extractions of works and other subject matter to which lawful access has been obtained shall be permitted for the purpose of text and data mining. 2. Reproductions and extractions made under the preceding paragraph may be retained for the time necessary for the purposes of text and data mining. 3. The exception provided for in paragraph 1 shall apply on condition that the holders of rights have not adequately reserved the use of the works and other subject matter referred to in that paragraph, in particular by means of machine-readable procedures in the case of content made available to the public online. 4. This article shall not affect the application of Article 67.