Selected year snapshot
For 2000, the active event in this file is Law No. 354 of 1954 on the Protection of Copyright (قانون رقم 354 لسنة 1954 بشأن حماية حق المؤلف).
60%
Current rationale
The most permissive research-relevant exception under Law 354/1954 is Article 6, which permits reproduction of a published work in a single copy for personal use ('الاستعمال الشخصي'). This covers reproduction of full works by any individual for personal/private purposes, which includes private study and research. However, it is restricted to 'personal use' (individual users only) and does not authorize sharing, communication, or distribution. Article 7 permits only short quotation ('الاقتباس القصير') for criticism, discussion, or news — this is a quotation exception limited to excerpts and does not independently cover research. There is no general fair dealing, fair use, or institutional/library exception. The personal use exception (Art. 6) is the most permissive and maps to LIGHT BLUE: full-work reproduction permitted but restricted to individual/personal use, no sharing. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of a published work in a single copy for personal use, provided no unjustified harm to author's legitimate interests
Short quotation from a published work for criticism, discussion, or news reporting
Law changes
Law No. 354 of 1954 on the Protection of Copyright (قانون رقم 354 لسنة 1954 بشأن حماية حق المؤلف)
Baseline · Effective 1954-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Articles 6, 7
Dates: Effective 1954-01-01 · Enacted 1954-01-01
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception under Law 354/1954 is Article 6, which permits reproduction of a published work in a single copy for personal use ('الاستعمال الشخصي'). This covers reproduction of full works by any individual for personal/private purposes, which includes private study and research. However, it is restricted to 'personal use' (individual users only) and does not authorize sharing, communication, or distribution. Article 7 permits only short quotation ('الاقتباس القصير') for criticism, discussion, or news — this is a quotation exception limited to excerpts and does not independently cover research. There is no general fair dealing, fair use, or institutional/library exception. The personal use exception (Art. 6) is the most permissive and maps to LIGHT BLUE: full-work reproduction permitted but restricted to individual/personal use, no sharing. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of a published work in a single copy for personal use, provided no unjustified harm to author's legitimate interests
Short quotation from a published work for criticism, discussion, or news reporting
Original text
مادة 6 - يباح للمصنفات التالية بيانها استنساخ المصنف المنشور على هيئة نسخة واحدة بشرط ان يكون الاستنساخ قاصرا على الاستعمال الشخصي وبشرط الا يضر ذلك ضررا غير مبرر بالمصالح المشروعة للمؤلف. مادة 7 - يباح التحليل والاقتباس القصير من مصنف سبق نشره وذلك بقصد النقد او المناقشة او الاخبار بشرط ان يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 6 – It is permissible to reproduce a published work in a single copy, provided that the reproduction is limited to personal use and provided that it does not cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the author. Article 7 – Analysis and short quotation from a previously published work are permissible for the purpose of criticism, discussion, or news reporting, provided that the source and the name of the author are mentioned.
Source links
Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (قانون حماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية رقم 82 لسنة 2002) – Book Three (Copyright and Neighboring Rights)
Relevant update · Effective 2002-06-03
60%
Relevant section: Articles 171, 172, 173
Dates: Effective 2002-06-03 · Enacted 2002-06-02
Why this score
Law 82/2002 repealed Law 354/1954 and replaced it with a comprehensive IP law. Book Three covers copyright. The most permissive research-relevant exception is Article 171(1), which permits making a single copy of a work for purely personal use. This covers full-work reproduction for any individual for personal purposes (including private study and research), but is restricted to 'personal use' and does not authorize sharing or communication. Article 173(b) provides an institutional exception allowing non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes to make a single copy to fulfill a request by a natural person for study or research — this is an institutional exception (PURPLE) but is not more permissive than the personal use exception because it is restricted to specific institutions. Article 172 permits only short quotations (RED). There is no general fair dealing, fair use, or TDM exception. The personal use exception (Art. 171(1)) remains the most permissive and maps to LIGHT BLUE: full-work reproduction permitted but restricted to individual/personal use, no sharing. The single-copy limit and three-step-test language are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Making a single copy of a work for purely personal use, subject to three-step test conditions
Short quotations from a published work for criticism, discussion, or information
Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy to fulfill a natural person's request for study or research
Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy for preservation or replacement of lost/damaged originals
Original text
مادة 171 - لا يعتبر اعتداء على حقوق المؤلف المنصوص عليها في هذا الكتاب ما يلي: أولا: عمل نسخة وحيدة من المصنف للاستعمال الشخصي البحت وبشرط ألا يضر ذلك ضررا غير مبرر بالمصالح المادية للمؤلف وألا يتعارض مع الاستغلال العادي للمصنف. مادة 172 - يجوز بدون إذن المؤلف ودون دفع مكافأة له القيام بالتحليلات والاقتباسات القصيرة من مصنف سبق نشره وذلك بقصد النقد أو المناقشة أو الإعلام بشرط أن يذكر المصدر واسم المؤلف. مادة 173 - يجوز للمكتبات ومراكز التوثيق غير التجارية والمؤسسات التعليمية ومعاهد البحث العلمي عمل نسخة واحدة من المصنف وذلك في الحالات الآتية: أ- إذا كان النسخ لغرض الحفاظ على النسخة الأصلية أو لإحلالها عند فقدها أو تلفها أو عدم صلاحيتها للاستعمال. ب- إذا كان الغرض من النسخ تلبية طلب شخص طبيعي لاستخدامها في دراسة أو بحث وذلك بشرط أن يكون ذلك لمرة واحدة أو على فترات متباعدة.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 171 – The following shall not be considered an infringement of the author's rights provided for in this Book: Firstly: Making a single copy of the work for purely personal use, provided that this does not cause unjustified harm to the material interests of the author and does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work. Article 172 – Without the authorization of the author and without payment of remuneration, analysis and short quotations from a previously published work may be made for the purpose of criticism, discussion, or information, provided that the source and the name of the author are mentioned. Article 173 – Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy of a work in the following cases: (a) If the copying is for the purpose of preserving the original copy or replacing it in case of loss, damage, or unsuitability for use. (b) If the purpose of copying is to fulfill a request by a natural person for use in study or research, provided that this is done once or at separate intervals.
Source links
Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (قانون حماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية رقم 82 لسنة 2002) – Book Three (Copyright and Neighboring Rights), as amended
Current law confirmation · Effective 2002-06-03
60%
Relevant section: Articles 171, 172, 173
Dates: Effective 2002-06-03 · Enacted 2002-06-02
Why this score
As of 2025, the copyright exceptions in Book Three of Law 82/2002 remain in force without material amendment to the research-relevant provisions. The amendments by Law 26/2015 and Law 144/2019 affected Book Four (Plant Varieties) and did not alter the copyright exceptions in Book Three. No TDM-specific exception has been introduced. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Article 171(1): making a single copy for purely personal use. This permits full-work reproduction by any individual for personal purposes (including private study and research), but is restricted to personal use and does not authorize sharing or communication. Article 173(b) provides an institutional exception for libraries and research institutes to copy for a patron's study or research (PURPLE), but this is not more permissive than the personal use exception. Article 172 permits only short quotations (RED). No fair dealing, fair use, or general three-step-test enabling clause exists. Classification: LIGHT BLUE — full-work reproduction permitted for personal use only, no sharing, no institutional broadening beyond what personal use already covers. Single-copy limit and three-step-test language are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Making a single copy of a work for purely personal use, subject to three-step test conditions
Short quotations from a published work for criticism, discussion, or information
Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy for preservation or replacement
Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy to fulfill a natural person's request for study or research
Original text
مادة 171 - لا يعتبر اعتداء على حقوق المؤلف المنصوص عليها في هذا الكتاب ما يلي: أولا: عمل نسخة وحيدة من المصنف للاستعمال الشخصي البحت وبشرط ألا يضر ذلك ضررا غير مبرر بالمصالح المادية للمؤلف وألا يتعارض مع الاستغلال العادي للمصنف. مادة 173 - يجوز للمكتبات ومراكز التوثيق غير التجارية والمؤسسات التعليمية ومعاهد البحث العلمي عمل نسخة واحدة من المصنف وذلك في الحالات الآتية: ب- إذا كان الغرض من النسخ تلبية طلب شخص طبيعي لاستخدامها في دراسة أو بحث وذلك بشرط أن يكون ذلك لمرة واحدة أو على فترات متباعدة.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 171 – The following shall not be considered an infringement of the author's rights provided for in this Book: Firstly: Making a single copy of the work for purely personal use, provided that this does not cause unjustified harm to the material interests of the author and does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work. Article 173 – Non-commercial libraries, documentation centers, educational institutions, and scientific research institutes may make a single copy of a work in the following cases: (b) If the purpose of copying is to fulfill a request by a natural person for use in study or research, provided that this is done once or at separate intervals.