Selected year snapshot
For 1993, the active event in this file is Ley de Derechos de Autor (1976).
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Current rationale
Ecuador's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was the Ley de Derechos de Autor of 1976 (Decreto Supremo No. 610, published in Registro Oficial No. 149 of August 13, 1976). Despite extensive web searching, I was unable to locate the full statutory text of this 1976 law online to verify the specific exceptions and limitations provisions. The law was superseded by the 1998 Intellectual Property Law. Without access to the actual text, I cannot classify the exceptions with confidence. The status is AMBIGUOUS because the statutory text itself could not be retrieved and verified.
Law changes
Ley de Derechos de Autor (1976)
Baseline · Effective 1976-08-13
?
Dates: Effective 1976-08-13 · Enacted 1976-08-13
Why this score
Ecuador's copyright law in force on 1990-01-01 was the Ley de Derechos de Autor of 1976 (Decreto Supremo No. 610, published in Registro Oficial No. 149 of August 13, 1976). Despite extensive web searching, I was unable to locate the full statutory text of this 1976 law online to verify the specific exceptions and limitations provisions. The law was superseded by the 1998 Intellectual Property Law. Without access to the actual text, I cannot classify the exceptions with confidence. The status is AMBIGUOUS because the statutory text itself could not be retrieved and verified.
Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (Ley No. 83 de 1998)
Relevant update · Effective 1998-05-19
0%
Relevant section: Art. 83
Dates: Effective 1998-05-19 · Enacted 1998-05-08
Why this score
Assessment of all research-relevant exceptions in force under the 1998 law:
1. Art. 83(a) - Quotation/citation for research: Permits inclusion of 'fragments' of other works in one's own work for research purposes. This is limited to fragments/excerpts, not full works. This is a quotation-type exception (RED).
2. Art. 83(f) - Library/archive reproduction: Permits reproduction by non-profit libraries/archives only for preservation or replacement purposes. Does not authorize reproduction for research purposes. Not research-relevant in the required sense.
3. Art. 83(g) - Private/personal use: Permits reproduction of 'a work' for personal use by a natural person, single copy, no profit. This appears to permit reproduction of a full work but is restricted to natural persons for private use. This would be LIGHT BLUE.
However, re-examining Art. 83(g) more carefully: it says 'La reproducción de una obra para uso personal y sin fines de lucro, realizada por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro.' This permits reproduction of 'a work' (una obra) — seemingly a full work — for personal/private use by a natural person, single copy. This covers all types of works. It does not authorize sharing/communication. It is restricted to individuals (private use). This is LIGHT BLUE.
The most permissive exception for research use is Art. 83(g) (private use, covering full works, any type of work, but limited to individuals and reproduction only). Classification: LIGHT BLUE.
Wait — I need to reconsider. Art. 83(g) does permit full-work reproduction for private use. But I should check whether computer programs are excluded. Art. 30 of the same law addresses computer programs. Reviewing the structure: Art. 28-32 contain special provisions on computer programs. Art. 30 states that the lawful owner of a copy of a computer program may make a single backup copy. The general private use exception in Art. 83(g) may be overridden by the specific provisions for computer programs. However, the question is whether Art. 83(g) explicitly excludes computer programs. Without seeing an explicit exclusion in Art. 83(g) itself, and given that Art. 30 provides a specific (narrower) regime for software, there is an argument that computer programs are carved out from the general private copy exception. This would make it ORANGE (full-work reproduction permitted for most works but not computer programs). However, this interpretation requires inference. On the face of Art. 83(g), it says 'una obra' without exclusion. I will classify as LIGHT BLUE based on the face of the statute, noting the potential software carve-out.
Classification-neutral factors: non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit do not affect the color.
Exceptions considered
Inclusion of fragments of other works in one's own work by way of citation or for analysis, commentary or critical judgment, for teaching or research purposes, to the extent justified by the purpose.
Reproduction by non-profit library or archive for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies in permanent collection.
Reproduction of a work for personal use by a natural person, single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes.
Original text
Art. 83.- De las obras lícitamente divulgadas, será permitido realizar sin autorización del autor y sin remuneración alguna, los siguientes actos: a) La inclusión en una obra propia de fragmentos de otras ajenas de naturaleza escrita, sonora o audiovisual, así como la de obras aisladas de carácter plástico, fotográfico, figurativo o análogo, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y su inclusión se realice a título de cita o para su análisis, comentario o juicio crítico. Tal utilización solo podrá realizarse con fines docentes o de investigación, en la medida justificada por el fin de esa incorporación e indicando la fuente y el nombre del autor de la obra utilizada; b) La ejecución de obras musicales en actos oficiales de las instituciones del Estado o en ceremonias religiosas, de la Fuerza Pública o de una institución de derecho público o privado, sin fines de lucro, siempre que el público pueda asistir a ellas gratuitamente y ninguno de los participantes en la ejecución perciba una remuneración específica por su intervención en el acto; c) La reproducción de una obra para actuaciones judiciales o administrativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga; d) El registro, la reproducción o la comunicación al público de breves fragmentos de una obra, con fines informativos, en programas de radio o televisión y en la prensa; e) La reproducción de obras de arte que se encuentren situadas en forma permanente en un lugar público; f) La reproducción individual de una obra por una biblioteca o archivo cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando el ejemplar respectivo se encuentre en la colección permanente de la biblioteca o archivo, y dicha reproducción se realice con los siguientes fines: 1. Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravío, destrucción o inutilización; o, 2. Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, un ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado. g) La reproducción de una obra para uso personal y sin fines de lucro, realizada por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro; h) La reproducción de una obra por o para una biblioteca o archivo cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando el ejemplar respectivo se encuentre en la colección permanente de la biblioteca o archivo, y dicha reproducción se realice con los siguientes fines: 1. Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravío, destrucción o inutilización; o, 2. Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, un ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 83.- From lawfully disclosed works, it shall be permitted to carry out without the author's authorization and without any remuneration, the following acts: (a) The inclusion in one's own work of fragments of other written, sound or audiovisual works, as well as isolated works of a plastic, photographic, figurative or analogous nature, provided that they are already disclosed works and their inclusion is made by way of citation or for analysis, commentary or critical judgment. Such use may only be made for teaching or research purposes, to the extent justified by the purpose of such incorporation, and indicating the source and the name of the author of the work used; (b) [musical performances at official acts - not research-relevant]; (c) The reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued; (d) [brief fragments for informational purposes in media - not research-relevant]; (e) [reproduction of public art - not research-relevant]; (f) The individual reproduction of a work by a library or archive whose activities do not directly or indirectly have profit-making purposes, when the respective copy is in the permanent collection of the library or archive, and said reproduction is made for the following purposes: 1. To preserve the copy and replace it in case of loss, destruction or uselessness; or, 2. To replace, in the permanent collection of another library or archive, a copy that has been lost, destroyed or rendered useless. (g) The reproduction of a work for personal use and without profit-making purposes, made by a natural person, in a single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes;
Source links
Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación (COESCCI / Código Ingenios)
Relevant update · Effective 2016-12-09
60%
Relevant section: Art. 211, Art. 212
Dates: Effective 2016-12-09 · Enacted 2016-12-09
Why this score
The COESCCI (Código Ingenios) replaced the 1998 Ley de Propiedad Intelectual as Ecuador's intellectual property law. It entered into force on December 9, 2016. Assessment of all research-relevant exceptions:
1. Art. 211(1) - Citation/quotation for research: Permits inclusion of 'fragments' of other works for research purposes. Limited to fragments, not full works. RED individually.
2. Art. 211(4) and 211(6) - Library/archive reproduction: Only for preservation/replacement purposes. Not for research lending. PURPLE individually but not research-relevant in the required sense.
3. Art. 211(5) - Private/personal use: Permits reproduction of 'a work' (una obra) for personal use by a natural person, single copy, private use, no profit. This permits full-work reproduction but is restricted to individuals for private use. Does not authorize sharing. LIGHT BLUE.
4. Art. 212(1) - Reprographic reproduction for teaching/exams: Limited to 'articles or brief extracts' and restricted to educational institutions. RED for research purposes (only brief extracts of most works).
5. Art. 212(2) - Reprographic reproduction for private use: Limited to 'brief extracts.' RED individually.
6. Art. 210 - Three-step test: Art. 210 establishes the general conditions (three-step test from Berne) that all exceptions must satisfy. This is a limiting clause, not an enabling clause — it does not independently create any exception.
The most permissive exception remains Art. 211(5) — private/personal use permitting reproduction of a full work by a natural person. This is LIGHT BLUE: full-work reproduction permitted, all types of works, but restricted to individuals for private use, reproduction only (no sharing).
Classification-neutral factors: non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit do not affect the color. The remuneration requirement in Art. 212 does not affect color either.
Exceptions considered
Inclusion of fragments of other works by way of citation or for analysis/commentary/critical judgment, for teaching or research purposes.
Reproduction by non-profit library or archive for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies.
Reproduction of a work for personal use by a natural person, single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes.
Reprographic reproduction for teaching or examinations in educational institutions, of articles or brief extracts, with compensatory remuneration.
Reprographic reproduction of brief extracts for private use of the copier, single copy, with compensatory remuneration.
Three-step test: exceptions must not conflict with normal exploitation and must not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder. This is a limiting condition, not an independent enabling clause.
Original text
Art. 211.- Sin perjuicio de lo establecido en el artículo anterior, y siempre que se cumplan las condiciones previstas en los numerales 1, 2 y 3 del artículo 210, serán lícitos exclusivamente los siguientes usos de una obra, sin autorización del titular de los derechos de autor ni remuneración alguna: 1. La inclusión en una obra propia de fragmentos de otras ajenas de naturaleza escrita, sonora o audiovisual, así como la de obras aisladas de carácter plástico, fotográfico, figurativo o análogo, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y su inclusión se realice a título de cita o para su análisis, comentario o juicio crítico. Tal utilización solo podrá realizarse con fines docentes o de investigación, en la medida justificada por el fin de esa incorporación e indicando la fuente y el nombre del autor de la obra utilizada; 2. Las lecciones y conferencias dictadas en centros de educación, consideradas como obras, podrán ser anotadas y recogidas en cualquier forma por aquellos a quienes van dirigidas para su uso personal; 3. La reproducción de una obra para actuaciones judiciales o administrativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga; 4. La reproducción individual de una obra por una biblioteca o archivo cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando el ejemplar respectivo se encuentre en la colección permanente de la biblioteca o archivo, y dicha reproducción se realice con los siguientes fines: a) Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravío, destrucción o inutilización; o, b) Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, un ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado; 5. La reproducción de una obra para uso personal y sin fines de lucro, realizada por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro; 6. La reproducción de una obra por o para una biblioteca o archivo cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando el ejemplar respectivo se encuentre en la colección permanente de la biblioteca o archivo, y dicha reproducción se realice con los siguientes fines: a) Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravío, destrucción o inutilización; o, b) Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, un ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado. Art. 212.- Además de los usos lícitos previstos en el artículo anterior, y siempre que se cumplan las condiciones previstas en los numerales 1, 2 y 3 del artículo 210, serán lícitos los siguientes usos de una obra, interpretación o ejecución artística, producción fonográfica o emisión de radiodifusión, sin autorización del titular de los derechos de autor o derechos conexos, pero con la obligación de pagar una remuneración compensatoria: 1. La reproducción reprográfica, para la enseñanza o la realización de exámenes en instituciones educativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga, de artículos o de breves extractos de obras lícitamente publicadas, a condición de que tal utilización se haga conforme a los usos honrados; 2. La reproducción por reprografía de breves extractos de una obra lícitamente publicada, para uso privado del copista, realizada por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 211.- Without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding article, and provided that the conditions set forth in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of Article 210 are met, the following uses of a work shall be lawful exclusively, without authorization from the copyright holder or any remuneration: 1. The inclusion in one's own work of fragments of other written, sound or audiovisual works, as well as isolated works of a plastic, photographic, figurative or analogous nature, provided that they are already disclosed works and their inclusion is made by way of citation or for analysis, commentary or critical judgment. Such use may only be made for teaching or research purposes, to the extent justified by the purpose of such incorporation, and indicating the source and the name of the author of the work used; 2. Lectures and conferences given in educational centers, considered as works, may be noted and collected in any form by those to whom they are directed for their personal use; 3. The reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued; 4. The individual reproduction of a work by a library or archive whose activities do not directly or indirectly have profit-making purposes, when the respective copy is in the permanent collection of the library or archive, and said reproduction is made for the following purposes: (a) To preserve the copy and replace it in case of loss, destruction or uselessness; or, (b) To replace, in the permanent collection of another library or archive, a copy that has been lost, destroyed or rendered useless; 5. The reproduction of a work for personal use and without profit-making purposes, made by a natural person, in a single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes; 6. [Library/archive reproduction for preservation - similar to 4]. Art. 212.- In addition to the lawful uses provided for in the preceding article, and provided that the conditions set forth in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of Article 210 are met, the following uses of a work, artistic performance, phonographic production or broadcast shall be lawful, without authorization from the copyright or related rights holder, but with the obligation to pay compensatory remuneration: 1. Reprographic reproduction, for teaching or for examinations in educational institutions, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued, of articles or brief extracts of lawfully published works, provided that such use is made in accordance with fair practice; 2. Reprographic reproduction of brief extracts of a lawfully published work, for private use of the copier, made by a natural person, in a single copy.
Source links
Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación (COESCCI / Código Ingenios)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2016-12-09
60%
Relevant section: Art. 211(5), Art. 211(1), Art. 211(4)/(6), Art. 212(1)-(2), Art. 210
Dates: Effective 2016-12-09 · Enacted 2016-12-09
Why this score
As of 2025, the COESCCI (Código Ingenios) of 2016 remains in force as Ecuador's intellectual property law. No subsequent amendments have been identified that modify the exceptions and limitations provisions relevant to research use (Arts. 210-212). The analysis remains the same as the 2016 event:
- Art. 211(5) (private/personal use) is the most permissive exception: it permits reproduction of a full work ('una obra') by a natural person, single copy, for private use. It covers all types of works. It does not authorize sharing/communication. It is restricted to individuals. Classification: LIGHT BLUE.
- Art. 211(1) (citation/quotation for research) is limited to fragments. RED.
- Art. 211(4)/(6) (library preservation) is not for research lending. PURPLE.
- Art. 212(1)-(2) (reprographic reproduction) is limited to brief extracts. RED.
- Art. 210 (three-step test) is a limiting condition, not an enabling clause.
No TDM-specific exception exists in Ecuadorian law as of 2025.
Classification-neutral factors: the non-commercial and single-copy restrictions in Art. 211(5) do not affect the color. The overall classification is LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Inclusion of fragments of other works by way of citation or for analysis/commentary/critical judgment, for teaching or research purposes.
Reproduction by non-profit library or archive for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies.
Reproduction of a work for personal use by a natural person, single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes.
Reprographic reproduction for teaching or examinations in educational institutions, of articles or brief extracts, with compensatory remuneration.
Reprographic reproduction of brief extracts for private use of the copier, single copy, with compensatory remuneration.
Three-step test: exceptions must not conflict with normal exploitation and must not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder. Limiting condition, not an independent enabling clause.
Original text
Art. 211.- Sin perjuicio de lo establecido en el artículo anterior, y siempre que se cumplan las condiciones previstas en los numerales 1, 2 y 3 del artículo 210, serán lícitos exclusivamente los siguientes usos de una obra, sin autorización del titular de los derechos de autor ni remuneración alguna: [...] 5. La reproducción de una obra para uso personal y sin fines de lucro, realizada por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso privado y sin fines de lucro;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 211.- Without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding article, and provided that the conditions set forth in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of Article 210 are met, the following uses of a work shall be lawful exclusively, without authorization from the copyright holder or any remuneration: [...] 5. The reproduction of a work for personal use and without profit-making purposes, made by a natural person, in a single copy, for private use and without profit-making purposes;