Selected year snapshot
For 2006, the active event in this file is Lei nº 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998 (conforme alterada).
0%
Current rationale
As of 2025, the Brazilian Copyright Law (Law 9.610/1998, as amended) remains in force with no changes to the exceptions and limitations relevant to research. The amendments made by Law 12.853/2013 concerned collective management of copyright (ECAD reform) and did not alter Art. 46. Provisional Measure 907/2019 (later converted into Law 14.010/2020 and related measures) addressed accessibility for persons with disabilities but did not broaden the general research or private copying exceptions. Art. 46(II) still limits private copying to 'pequenos trechos' (small excerpts) in a single copy. Art. 46(III) permits citation of 'passages' for study purposes. There is no fair use, fair dealing, general research exception, library/institutional exception, or TDM exception in Brazilian law. Brazil has no provision permitting full-work reproduction for research purposes for any type of work. The ceiling for any research-related copying remains 'small excerpts' or 'passages,' which maps to RED. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, single-copy limit) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction in a single copy of small excerpts (pequenos trechos), for private use of the copier, without profit motive
Citation of passages from any work for purposes of study, criticism, or polemic, to the extent justified, with attribution
Reproduction of literary, artistic or scientific works for exclusive use of visually impaired persons, in Braille or other accessible format, without commercial purposes
Reproduction in any work of small excerpts of pre-existing works, or entire work for visual arts, provided not the main subject of the new work and no prejudice to normal exploitation
Law changes
Lei nº 5.988, de 14 de dezembro de 1973
Baseline · Effective 1973-12-14
60%
Relevant section: Art. 49
Dates: Effective 1973-12-14 · Enacted 1973-12-14
Why this score
Art. 49(II) of Law 5.988/1973 permits reproduction of any work, in a single copy, provided it is not for profit. This is a private-use exception (single copy, no profit) that covers full works and all types of works, but is limited to reproduction only (no sharing/communication) and implicitly to individual/private use. There is no general fair use, fair dealing, or institutional research exception. Art. 49(I)(a) only covers excerpts ('trechos') in the context of a larger scientific work, which is a quotation-type exception (RED individually). The most permissive exception is Art. 49(II), which permits full-work reproduction by any individual for non-profit purposes — this maps to LIGHT BLUE (reproduction of full works, any work type, but restricted to private/personal use, no sharing). The non-commercial restriction is classification-neutral, and the single-copy limit is classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction of excerpts of published works or small excerpts in the context of a larger scientific, didactic, or religious work, with attribution
Reproduction in a single copy of any work, provided not for profit
Original text
Art. 49. Não constitui ofensa aos direitos do autor: I - A reprodução: a) de trechos de obras já publicadas, ou de pequenos trechos de obra alheia, no contexto de obra maior, desde que esta apresente caráter científico, didático ou religioso, e haja a indicação da origem e do nome do autor; b) na imprensa diária ou periódica, de notícia ou de artigo informativo, sem caráter literário, publicados em diários ou periódicos, com a menção do nome do autor, se assinados, e da publicação de onde foram transcritos; c) em diários ou periódicos, de discursos pronunciados em reuniões públicas de qualquer natureza; d) de obras de arte existentes em logradouros públicos; e) integral de pequena composição musical, quando incluída como elemento acessório em obra de caráter não musical; II - a reprodução, em um só exemplar, de qualquer obra, contanto que não se destine à utilização com intuito de lucro;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 49. The following shall not constitute an offense against the rights of the author: I - The reproduction: a) of excerpts of already published works, or of small excerpts of another's work, in the context of a larger work, provided that the latter is of a scientific, didactic or religious character, and that the source and the author's name are indicated; b) in the daily or periodical press, of news or informative articles, without literary character, published in dailies or periodicals, with mention of the author's name, if signed, and of the publication from which they were transcribed; c) in dailies or periodicals, of speeches delivered at public meetings of any nature; d) of works of art existing in public places; e) in full of a small musical composition, when included as an accessory element in a work of a non-musical character; II - the reproduction, in a single copy, of any work, provided that it is not intended for use with a profit motive;
Source links
Lei nº 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998
Relevant update · Effective 1998-06-20
0%
Relevant section: Art. 46
Dates: Effective 1998-06-20 · Enacted 1998-02-19
Why this score
Law 9.610/1998 replaced Law 5.988/1973 and significantly narrowed the private copying exception. The former Art. 49(II) permitted reproduction of 'any work' in a single copy without profit. The new Art. 46(II) restricts reproduction to 'pequenos trechos' (small excerpts) only, in a single copy, for private use of the copier, without profit. This is a critical change: no provision now permits full-work reproduction for research. Art. 46(III) is a quotation exception limited to 'passages' (passagens) for study, criticism, or polemic — also limited to excerpts. Art. 46(I)(d) permits full reproduction but only for visually impaired persons, not for research generally. There is no fair use, fair dealing, general research exception, library exception, or TDM exception. The most permissive research-relevant exception is Art. 46(II), which caps reproduction at 'small excerpts' — this maps to RED. The single-copy and non-commercial restrictions are classification-neutral, but the 'small excerpts' limitation is the determinative factor.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction in a single copy of small excerpts (pequenos trechos), for private use of the copier, without profit motive
Citation of passages from any work for purposes of study, criticism, or polemic, to the extent justified, with attribution
Reproduction of literary, artistic or scientific works for exclusive use of visually impaired persons, in Braille or other accessible format, without commercial purposes
Reproduction in any work of small excerpts of pre-existing works, of any nature, or of the entire work in the case of visual arts, provided the reproduction is not the main subject of the new work and does not prejudice the normal exploitation of the reproduced work or cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the authors
Original text
Art. 46. Não constitui ofensa aos direitos autorais: I - a reprodução: a) na imprensa diária ou periódica, de notícia ou de artigo informativo, publicado em diários ou periódicos, com a menção do nome do autor, se assinado, e da publicação de onde foi transcrito; b) em diários ou periódicos, de discursos pronunciados em reuniões públicas de qualquer natureza; c) de retratos, ou de outra forma de representação da imagem, feitos sob encomenda, quando realizada pelo proprietário do objeto encomendado, não havendo a oposição da pessoa neles representada ou de seus herdeiros; d) de obras literárias, artísticas ou científicas, para uso exclusivo de deficientes visuais, sempre que a reprodução, sem fins comerciais, seja feita mediante o sistema Braille ou outro procedimento em qualquer suporte para esses destinatários; II - a reprodução, em um só exemplar de pequenos trechos, para uso privado do copista, desde que feita por este, sem intuito de lucro; III - a citação em livros, jornais, revistas ou qualquer outro meio de comunicação, de passagens de qualquer obra, para fins de estudo, crítica ou polêmica, na medida justificada para o fim a atingir, indicando-se o nome do autor e a origem da obra;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 46. The following shall not constitute an offense against copyright: I - the reproduction: a) in the daily or periodical press, of news or informative articles, published in dailies or periodicals, with mention of the author's name, if signed, and of the publication from which it was transcribed; b) in dailies or periodicals, of speeches delivered at public meetings of any nature; c) of portraits, or other form of representation of the image, made to order, when carried out by the owner of the commissioned object, provided there is no opposition from the person represented therein or from their heirs; d) of literary, artistic or scientific works, for the exclusive use of the visually impaired, provided that the reproduction, without commercial purposes, is made through the Braille system or other procedure on any medium for those recipients; II - the reproduction, in a single copy of small excerpts, for the private use of the copier, provided it is made by the copier, without profit motive; III - the citation in books, newspapers, magazines or any other means of communication, of passages from any work, for purposes of study, criticism or polemic, to the extent justified by the end to be achieved, indicating the name of the author and the origin of the work;
Source links
Lei nº 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998 (conforme alterada)
Current law confirmation · Effective 1998-06-20
0%
Relevant section: Art. 46
Dates: Effective 1998-06-20 · Enacted 1998-02-19
Why this score
As of 2025, the Brazilian Copyright Law (Law 9.610/1998, as amended) remains in force with no changes to the exceptions and limitations relevant to research. The amendments made by Law 12.853/2013 concerned collective management of copyright (ECAD reform) and did not alter Art. 46. Provisional Measure 907/2019 (later converted into Law 14.010/2020 and related measures) addressed accessibility for persons with disabilities but did not broaden the general research or private copying exceptions. Art. 46(II) still limits private copying to 'pequenos trechos' (small excerpts) in a single copy. Art. 46(III) permits citation of 'passages' for study purposes. There is no fair use, fair dealing, general research exception, library/institutional exception, or TDM exception in Brazilian law. Brazil has no provision permitting full-work reproduction for research purposes for any type of work. The ceiling for any research-related copying remains 'small excerpts' or 'passages,' which maps to RED. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial restriction, single-copy limit) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction in a single copy of small excerpts (pequenos trechos), for private use of the copier, without profit motive
Citation of passages from any work for purposes of study, criticism, or polemic, to the extent justified, with attribution
Reproduction of literary, artistic or scientific works for exclusive use of visually impaired persons, in Braille or other accessible format, without commercial purposes
Reproduction in any work of small excerpts of pre-existing works, or entire work for visual arts, provided not the main subject of the new work and no prejudice to normal exploitation
Original text
Art. 46. Não constitui ofensa aos direitos autorais: II - a reprodução, em um só exemplar de pequenos trechos, para uso privado do copista, desde que feita por este, sem intuito de lucro; III - a citação em livros, jornais, revistas ou qualquer outro meio de comunicação, de passagens de qualquer obra, para fins de estudo, crítica ou polêmica, na medida justificada para o fim a atingir, indicando-se o nome do autor e a origem da obra;
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 46. The following shall not constitute an offense against copyright: II - the reproduction, in a single copy of small excerpts, for the private use of the copier, provided it is made by the copier, without profit motive; III - the citation in books, newspapers, magazines or any other means of communication, of passages from any work, for purposes of study, criticism or polemic, to the extent justified by the end to be achieved, indicating the name of the author and the origin of the work;