Selected year snapshot
For 2024, the active event in this file is Ley 25.036 - Modificación de la Ley 11.723 (Software y Bases de Datos).
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Current rationale
Ley 25.036 (1998) amended Ley 11.723 to explicitly include computer programs and databases as protected works (Art. 1), modified Art. 9 (general prohibition on unauthorized publication), and added Art. 55 bis regarding software licensing. These changes did not add, broaden, or modify any exception or limitation relevant to research. Art. 10 (the quotation/excerpt exception for scientific/didactic purposes, capped at 1,000 words / 8 bars) remained unchanged. No private-use, library, TDM, or fair dealing exception was introduced. The classification remains RED because the most permissive research-relevant exception is still Art. 10, which only permits excerpts/quotations, not full-work reproduction.
Exceptions considered
Permits anyone to publish for didactic or scientific purposes commentaries, critiques, or notes referencing intellectual works, including up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works.
Law changes
Ley 11.723 - Régimen Legal de la Propiedad Intelectual
Baseline · Effective 1933-09-28
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Relevant section: Art. 10
Dates: Effective 1933-09-28 · Enacted 1933-09-28
Why this score
Argentina's copyright law (Ley 11.723) as in force on 1990-01-01 contains no general fair use, fair dealing, or broad research exception. The most relevant provision is Art. 10, which permits anyone to publish for didactic or scientific purposes commentaries, critiques, or notes referencing intellectual works, but limits inclusion to up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works — i.e., only excerpts/quotations, never full works. There is no separate private-use exception permitting full-work reproduction, no library/institutional exception for research copies, and no TDM exception. Art. 10 is a quotation-type exception capped at short excerpts. Since no provision permits reproduction of a complete work of any type for research, the classification is RED. The non-commercial/scientific purpose qualifier is classification-neutral and does not change this assessment. Uses: limited to publication of commentaries/critiques/notes (not general reproduction for research). Works: all types but only excerpts. Users: any user. The ceiling on quantity (1,000 words / 8 bars) makes this RED.
Exceptions considered
Permits anyone to publish for didactic or scientific purposes commentaries, critiques, or notes referencing intellectual works, including up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works, and only the parts indispensable for that purpose.
Original text
Art. 10. — Cualquiera puede publicar con fines didácticos o científicos, comentarios, críticas o notas referentes a las obras intelectuales incluyendo hasta mil palabras de obras literarias o científicas u ocho compases en las musicales y en todos los casos sólo las partes del texto indispensables a ese efecto. Esta disposición comprende las obras docentes, de enseñanza, colecciones, antologías y otras semejantes. Cuando las inclusiones de obras ajenas sean la parte principal de la nueva obra, podrán los tribunales fijar equitativamente en juicio sumario la cantidad proporcional que les corresponde a los titulares de los derechos de las obras incluidas.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 10. — Anyone may publish, for didactic or scientific purposes, commentaries, critiques or notes referring to intellectual works, including up to one thousand words of literary or scientific works or eight bars in musical works, and in all cases only the parts of the text indispensable for that purpose. This provision covers teaching works, educational works, collections, anthologies and other similar works. When the inclusions of others' works constitute the main part of the new work, the courts may equitably fix in summary proceedings the proportional amount corresponding to the holders of the rights of the included works.
Source links
Ley 25.036 - Modificación de la Ley 11.723 (Software y Bases de Datos)
Relevant update · Effective 1998-11-11
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Relevant section: Art. 1 (amending Art. 1 of Ley 11.723), Art. 9 (amending Art. 9 of Ley 11.723), Art. 55 bis (added to Ley 11.723)
Dates: Effective 1998-11-11 · Enacted 1998-10-14
Why this score
Ley 25.036 (1998) amended Ley 11.723 to explicitly include computer programs and databases as protected works (Art. 1), modified Art. 9 (general prohibition on unauthorized publication), and added Art. 55 bis regarding software licensing. These changes did not add, broaden, or modify any exception or limitation relevant to research. Art. 10 (the quotation/excerpt exception for scientific/didactic purposes, capped at 1,000 words / 8 bars) remained unchanged. No private-use, library, TDM, or fair dealing exception was introduced. The classification remains RED because the most permissive research-relevant exception is still Art. 10, which only permits excerpts/quotations, not full-work reproduction.
Exceptions considered
Permits anyone to publish for didactic or scientific purposes commentaries, critiques, or notes referencing intellectual works, including up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works.
Original text
Art. 9°. — Nadie tiene derecho a publicar, sin permiso de los autores o de sus derechohabientes, una producción científica, literaria, artística o didáctica, con excepción de la que haya sido publicada por una oficina del Estado. Nadie tiene derecho a reproducir una obra de arquitectura sin autorización de su autor. (Artículo sustituido por art. 3° de la Ley N° 25.036 B.O. 11/11/1998) Art. 55 bis. — La explotación de la propiedad intelectual sobre los programas de computación incluirá entre otras formas los contratos de licencia para su uso o reproducción. (Artículo incorporado por art. 5° de la Ley N° 25.036 B.O. 11/11/1998)
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 9. — No one has the right to publish, without permission of the authors or their successors in title, a scientific, literary, artistic or didactic production, with the exception of that which has been published by a State office. No one has the right to reproduce a work of architecture without authorization of its author. (Article substituted by art. 3 of Law No. 25.036, Official Gazette 11/11/1998) Art. 55 bis. — The exploitation of intellectual property over computer programs shall include, among other forms, license contracts for their use or reproduction. (Article added by art. 5 of Law No. 25.036, Official Gazette 11/11/1998)
Source links
Ley 11.723 - Régimen Legal de la Propiedad Intelectual (as amended up to Ley 26.570 of 2009)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
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Relevant section: Art. 10
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, Argentina's Ley 11.723 (as last amended by Ley 26.570 of 2009, which concerned performing rights societies and did not modify any exception relevant to research) remains in force. The only research-relevant exception is Art. 10, which permits publication of commentaries, critiques, or notes for didactic or scientific purposes, limited to up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works. This is a quotation/excerpt exception that does not permit full-work reproduction for any type of work. There is no general fair use or fair dealing clause, no private-use exception permitting full-work reproduction, no library/institutional exception for research copies, no TDM exception, and no three-step-test enabling clause. The classification is RED. Analysis of the three dimensions: Uses — limited to 'publication' of commentaries/critiques/notes incorporating excerpts, not general reproduction or communication for research; Works — applies to all types but only excerpts (1,000 words / 8 bars); Users — any user ('cualquiera'). The quantitative ceiling (excerpts only, never full works) is the binding constraint. Classification-neutral factors (non-commercial purpose, proportionality) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Permits anyone to publish for didactic or scientific purposes commentaries, critiques, or notes referencing intellectual works, including up to 1,000 words of literary/scientific works or 8 bars of musical works, and only the parts indispensable for that purpose.
Permits free performance of literary or musical works already published when the performance is not for profit (e.g., educational acts, charity). This is a public performance exception, not a reproduction or research exception.
Original text
Art. 10. — Cualquiera puede publicar con fines didácticos o científicos, comentarios, críticas o notas referentes a las obras intelectuales incluyendo hasta mil palabras de obras literarias o científicas u ocho compases en las musicales y en todos los casos sólo las partes del texto indispensables a ese efecto. Esta disposición comprende las obras docentes, de enseñanza, colecciones, antologías y otras semejantes. Cuando las inclusiones de obras ajenas sean la parte principal de la nueva obra, podrán los tribunales fijar equitativamente en juicio sumario la cantidad proporcional que les corresponde a los titulares de los derechos de las obras incluidas.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Art. 10. — Anyone may publish, for didactic or scientific purposes, commentaries, critiques or notes referring to intellectual works, including up to one thousand words of literary or scientific works or eight bars in musical works, and in all cases only the parts of the text indispensable for that purpose. This provision covers teaching works, educational works, collections, anthologies and other similar works. When the inclusions of others' works constitute the main part of the new work, the courts may equitably fix in summary proceedings the proportional amount corresponding to the holders of the rights of the included works.