Selected year snapshot
For 2005, the active event in this file is Llei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns, del 10 de juny del 1999.
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Current rationale
Three exceptions are relevant to research use: (1) Art. 10 — private use reproduction of a single copy, but it explicitly excludes reprographic reproduction of an entire book or substantial part thereof, musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and works of architecture. This means full-work reproduction is not permitted for books, scores, databases, or software. For other types of works (e.g., short literary works, photographs, visual art), a single copy for private use is permitted. However, the exclusion of entire books and substantial parts of books is a significant work-type restriction. (2) Art. 11 — library/archive reprographic reproduction limited to 'an article published in a newspaper or periodical, or a short extract of a lawfully published work' for study, scholarship, or private research. This is capped at short extracts (not full works except for individual periodical articles). (3) Art. 12 — library/archive replacement copies for preservation only, not for research distribution. The most permissive exception for research is Art. 10 (private use), which permits reproduction of a single copy of some types of works but explicitly excludes entire books, musical scores, databases, and computer programs. Art. 11 is limited to short extracts. Neither exception permits sharing/communication. The critical question is whether Art. 10 permits full-work reproduction for at least one type of work. Art. 10(2)(b) excludes 'un llibre sencer' (an entire book) and musical scores; Art. 10(2)(c) excludes databases; Art. 10(2)(d) excludes computer programs; Art. 10(2)(a) excludes architectural works. For other works (e.g., a short poem, a photograph, a painting, a film), Art. 10(1) would permit a single private copy. However, Art. 10(2)(e) adds a general three-step-test catch-all that could further limit reproduction. Given that Art. 11 (the research-specific provision) is capped at 'short extracts' and individual periodical articles, and Art. 10 excludes full books, scores, databases, and software, the overall picture is that full-work reproduction is available only for limited categories of works. This fits ORANGE (full-work reproduction permitted for some but not all types of works). However, Art. 11 — the only provision explicitly mentioning research — is limited to short extracts, which is RED. The most permissive exception is Art. 10 (private use), which does permit full-work reproduction for some categories (e.g., photographs, visual art, short literary works, films) but not for books, scores, databases, or software. This is ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral. No exception permits sharing. Final classification: ORANGE, based on Art. 10 permitting full-work private reproduction for some but not all types of works.
Exceptions considered
Private use reproduction of a single copy of a published work, excluding entire books, substantial parts of books, musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and architectural works.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives of a periodical article or short extract of a published work, for study, scholarship, or private research of a requesting individual.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies.
Law changes
Baseline
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
?
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01
Why this score
No copyright statute was in force in Andorra on 1990-01-01. Andorra's first copyright law, the Llei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns, was enacted on 10 June 1999. Prior to that date, there was no national copyright legislation and Andorra was not party to the Berne Convention (which entered into force for Andorra on 2 June 2004). The absence of any copyright statute means there were no statutory exceptions or limitations to classify. This is classified as AMBIGUOUS because the legal situation regarding copyright and research use was entirely unregulated by statute.
Llei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns, del 10 de juny del 1999
Relevant update · Effective 1999-06-10
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Relevant section: Art. 10, Art. 11, Art. 12
Dates: Effective 1999-06-10 · Enacted 1999-06-10
Why this score
Three exceptions are relevant to research use: (1) Art. 10 — private use reproduction of a single copy, but it explicitly excludes reprographic reproduction of an entire book or substantial part thereof, musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and works of architecture. This means full-work reproduction is not permitted for books, scores, databases, or software. For other types of works (e.g., short literary works, photographs, visual art), a single copy for private use is permitted. However, the exclusion of entire books and substantial parts of books is a significant work-type restriction. (2) Art. 11 — library/archive reprographic reproduction limited to 'an article published in a newspaper or periodical, or a short extract of a lawfully published work' for study, scholarship, or private research. This is capped at short extracts (not full works except for individual periodical articles). (3) Art. 12 — library/archive replacement copies for preservation only, not for research distribution. The most permissive exception for research is Art. 10 (private use), which permits reproduction of a single copy of some types of works but explicitly excludes entire books, musical scores, databases, and computer programs. Art. 11 is limited to short extracts. Neither exception permits sharing/communication. The critical question is whether Art. 10 permits full-work reproduction for at least one type of work. Art. 10(2)(b) excludes 'un llibre sencer' (an entire book) and musical scores; Art. 10(2)(c) excludes databases; Art. 10(2)(d) excludes computer programs; Art. 10(2)(a) excludes architectural works. For other works (e.g., a short poem, a photograph, a painting, a film), Art. 10(1) would permit a single private copy. However, Art. 10(2)(e) adds a general three-step-test catch-all that could further limit reproduction. Given that Art. 11 (the research-specific provision) is capped at 'short extracts' and individual periodical articles, and Art. 10 excludes full books, scores, databases, and software, the overall picture is that full-work reproduction is available only for limited categories of works. This fits ORANGE (full-work reproduction permitted for some but not all types of works). However, Art. 11 — the only provision explicitly mentioning research — is limited to short extracts, which is RED. The most permissive exception is Art. 10 (private use), which does permit full-work reproduction for some categories (e.g., photographs, visual art, short literary works, films) but not for books, scores, databases, or software. This is ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral. No exception permits sharing. Final classification: ORANGE, based on Art. 10 permitting full-work private reproduction for some but not all types of works.
Exceptions considered
Private use reproduction of a single copy of a published work, excluding entire books, substantial parts of books, musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and architectural works.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives of a periodical article or short extract of a published work, for study, scholarship, or private research of a requesting individual.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies.
Original text
Article 10. Reproducció per a ús privat. 1. Sense perjudici del que disposen els articles 11 i 12, es permet, sense l'autorització de l'autor i sense el pagament de cap remuneració, la reproducció d'una sola còpia d'una obra publicada, exclusivament per a l'ús privat de la persona que fa la reproducció. 2. El permís previst a l'apartat 1 no s'aplica a: a) la reproducció d'una obra d'arquitectura en forma d'edifici o d'una altra construcció; b) la reproducció reprogràfica d'un llibre sencer o d'una part substancial d'un llibre o d'una partitura musical; c) la reproducció de la totalitat o d'una part substancial d'una base de dades en forma digital; d) la reproducció d'un programa d'ordinador, excepte en els casos previstos a l'article 13; e) qualsevol altra reproducció d'una obra que pugui perjudicar l'explotació normal de l'obra o causar un perjudici injustificat als interessos legítims de l'autor. Article 11. Reproducció reprogràfica per biblioteques i arxius. Es permet, sense l'autorització de l'autor, la reproducció reprogràfica d'un article publicat en un diari o en una publicació periòdica, o d'un breu extracte d'una obra publicada lícitament, per una biblioteca o un arxiu, quan la reproducció es fa per respondre a la sol·licitud d'una persona física, sempre que: a) la biblioteca o l'arxiu estigui convençut que la còpia serà utilitzada exclusivament amb finalitats d'estudi, d'erudició o de recerca privada; b) l'acte de reproducció sigui un acte aïllat que es produeixi, si es repeteix, en ocasions separades i sense relació entre elles. Article 12. Reproducció reprogràfica per biblioteques i arxius per a la substitució de còpies. Es permet, sense l'autorització de l'autor, la reproducció reprogràfica d'una còpia d'una obra per una biblioteca o un arxiu, quan l'objectiu de la reproducció sigui conservar la còpia o substituir-la en cas de pèrdua, destrucció o inutilització, sempre que sigui impossible obtenir una còpia en condicions raonables.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 10. Reproduction for private use. 1. Without prejudice to Articles 11 and 12, the reproduction of a single copy of a published work is permitted, without the authorization of the author and without payment of any remuneration, exclusively for the private use of the person making the reproduction. 2. The permission provided in paragraph 1 does not apply to: (a) the reproduction of a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a substantial part of a book or a musical score; (c) the reproduction of all or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (d) the reproduction of a computer program, except as provided in Article 13; (e) any other reproduction of a work that could prejudice the normal exploitation of the work or cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the author. Article 11. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives. The reprographic reproduction of an article published in a newspaper or periodical, or of a short extract of a lawfully published work, by a library or archive is permitted without the authorization of the author, when the reproduction is made to respond to the request of a natural person, provided that: (a) the library or archive is satisfied that the copy will be used exclusively for purposes of study, scholarship, or private research; (b) the act of reproduction is an isolated act occurring, if repeated, on separate and unrelated occasions. Article 12. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives for replacement copies. The reprographic reproduction of a copy of a work by a library or archive is permitted without the authorization of the author, when the purpose of the reproduction is to preserve the copy or replace it in case of loss, destruction, or unusability, provided it is impossible to obtain a copy under reasonable conditions.
Source links
Llei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns, del 10 de juny del 1999
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
20%
Relevant section: Art. 10, Art. 11, Art. 12
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Llei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns of 10 June 1999 remains in force without amendment to its exceptions and limitations provisions. The 2011 law (Llei 23/2011) established the collective management society (SDADV) but did not amend the exceptions in the 1999 copyright law. No TDM exception has been introduced. Andorra is not an EU member state and is therefore not required to transpose EU directives (including the DSM Directive 2019/790). The Cambra de Comerç d'Andorra has called for modernization of the law to address digital technologies, but no legislative action has been taken as of 2025. The classification remains ORANGE: Art. 10 permits private reproduction of a single copy of a published work for any type of work EXCEPT entire books (or substantial parts), musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and architectural works. This means full-work reproduction is permitted for some categories (photographs, visual art, short literary works, audiovisual works, etc.) but not for books, scores, databases, or software. Art. 11 permits libraries/archives to make reprographic copies of periodical articles or short extracts for research — this is capped at short extracts (RED individually). No exception permits sharing or communication. The most permissive exception (Art. 10) permits full-work reproduction for some but not all types of works, restricted to private/personal use only, with no sharing permitted. This is ORANGE. Classification-neutral factors (single-copy limit, non-commercial nature of private use) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Quotation right: permits quotation of short passages from a lawfully published work, with attribution, to the extent justified by the purpose.
Private use reproduction of a single copy of a published work, excluding entire books/substantial parts, musical scores, databases in digital form, computer programs, and architectural works.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives of a periodical article or short extract of a published work, for study, scholarship, or private research of a requesting natural person.
Reprographic reproduction by libraries/archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed/unusable copies, when replacement cannot be obtained under reasonable conditions.
Original text
Article 10. Reproducció per a ús privat. 1. Sense perjudici del que disposen els articles 11 i 12, es permet, sense l'autorització de l'autor i sense el pagament de cap remuneració, la reproducció d'una sola còpia d'una obra publicada, exclusivament per a l'ús privat de la persona que fa la reproducció. 2. El permís previst a l'apartat 1 no s'aplica a: a) la reproducció d'una obra d'arquitectura en forma d'edifici o d'una altra construcció; b) la reproducció reprogràfica d'un llibre sencer o d'una part substancial d'un llibre o d'una partitura musical; c) la reproducció de la totalitat o d'una part substancial d'una base de dades en forma digital; d) la reproducció d'un programa d'ordinador, excepte en els casos previstos a l'article 13; e) qualsevol altra reproducció d'una obra que pugui perjudicar l'explotació normal de l'obra o causar un perjudici injustificat als interessos legítims de l'autor.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 10. Reproduction for private use. 1. Without prejudice to Articles 11 and 12, the reproduction of a single copy of a published work is permitted, without the authorization of the author and without payment of any remuneration, exclusively for the private use of the person making the reproduction. 2. The permission provided in paragraph 1 does not apply to: (a) the reproduction of a work of architecture in the form of a building or other construction; (b) the reprographic reproduction of an entire book or a substantial part of a book or a musical score; (c) the reproduction of all or a substantial part of a database in digital form; (d) the reproduction of a computer program, except as provided in Article 13; (e) any other reproduction of a work that could prejudice the normal exploitation of the work or cause unjustified harm to the legitimate interests of the author.